CO2浓度升高对半干旱区春小麦光合作用及水分生理生态特性的影响

大气CO₂浓度升高已成为世界范围内重要环境问题。为了解大气CO₂浓度升高对春小麦光合作用及水分生理生态特性的影响,在典型半干旱区定西利用开顶式气室(OTC)试验平台,以春小麦“定西24号”为供试品种,开展了CO₂浓度增加模拟试验。试验设对照(390μmol·mol^?1)、480μmol·mol^?1和570μmol·mol^?1等3个CO₂浓度(摩尔分数)梯度。结果表明:在对照和增加CO₂浓度条件下,春小麦叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化均呈“双峰型”分布,出现明显的“午休”现象;胞间CO₂浓度的日变化表现为斜“V”字型曲线;叶水势日变化呈现反抛物线曲线走向,在中午后出现水势曲线拐点。在不同生育时期内,净光合速率、气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度均表现为开花期最大,乳熟期最小。而蒸腾速率表现为开花期最大,拔节期最小,叶片水平水分利用效率表现为孕穗期最大,乳熟期最小。随着CO₂浓度升高,春小麦叶片净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度、水分利用效率和水势提高,气孔导度和蒸腾速率降低。与对照大气CO₂浓度相比,在480μmol·mol^?1浓度和570μmol·mol^?1浓度下,整个生育期净光合速率平均分别提高了14.68%和28.20%,气孔导度平均降低了15.29%和24.83%,胞间CO₂浓度平均提高了10.38%和26.15%,蒸腾速率平均减小了6.63%和12.41%,WUE平均增加了22.9%和46.9%。随着CO₂浓度升高,蒸腾失水减少,叶片水势不断增加,从而增强了春小麦对干旱胁迫的抵御能力。研究结果为我国半干旱区春小麦对全球气候变化下的敏感性及适应性提供理论参考。     

气候变化主要因子对马铃薯生物量积累及产量和品质的影响

利用新型开顶式气室(OTC)开展CO_2浓度升高和大气增温试验,分别为模拟增温2.0℃,模拟增温2.0℃且CO_2浓度增加到650μmol·mol-1,对照CO_2浓度约410μmol·mol^-1,对马铃薯叶片、叶柄和茎等地上生物量、根和块茎等地下生物量积累过程及其特征参数的协同影响研究,分析气候变化对马铃薯产量形成和品质的影响,为半干旱区适应气候变化提供科学依据。结果表明,模拟增温2.0℃且CO_2浓度增加到650μmol·mol^-1,马铃薯茎和地上部生物量积累显著比对照高35.8%—53.4%;生物量较单独增温处理显著增加24.4%—34.4%。马铃薯茎和地上部生物量最大积累速度出现时间推后,最大积累速度加快,生物量快速积累间隔日数较单独增温处理和对照均延长。大气增温加CO_2浓度升高复合处理试验中,马铃薯块茎鲜质量积累在块茎膨大中期略低于单独增温处理外,在其余积累时段均高于单独增温处理以及对照。马铃薯成熟期块茎在复合处理下,鲜质量显著高于单独增温处理24.1%;高于对照3.4%。马铃薯块茎鲜质量最大积累速度出现时间也推后,快速积累期间隔日数较单独增温处理延长,但与对照接近。增温与CO_2复合处理使马铃薯叶片净光合速率提高,水分利用效率提高,干物重积累增多,经济产量增加。     

成熟小麦种子中残留的α-淀粉酶对小麦馒头品质的影响

α-淀粉酶通过降解淀粉产生发酵糖,并改变淀粉的物化特性,进而影响小麦制品的品质,其影响与α-淀粉酶来源、含量及小麦制品种类有关.成熟小麦籽粒中残留的α-淀粉酶活性存在极大差异,为了解迟熟α-淀粉酶对馒头品质的影响,以重组自交系群体中α-淀粉酶活性极端的小麦品系为材料,比较高低酶活材料制作的馒头品质之间的差异;并依据小麦材料α-淀粉酶活性的分布范围,设定不同的外源α-淀粉酶浓度,研究外源α-淀粉酶对小麦馒头质构、感官品质及微观结构的影响.结果显示,过高的内源α-淀粉酶含量(降落值小于300 s)会导致馒头的高径比及质构参数下降,这种变化趋势与添加过多外源α-淀粉酶的效果类似;α-淀粉酶含量过高,造成淀粉糊化过度,产气过多,馒头内部结构被破坏,持气能力降低,馒头塌陷;降落值不低于300 s的材料制作的馒头品质较好.本研究表明成熟种子中残留的α-淀粉酶对馒头品质有显著影响,优质馒头品种选育时应关注小麦α-淀粉酶活性的差异.(图4表11参35)     

石墨烯薄膜原子氧剥蚀行为及电阻特性

目的研究石墨烯薄膜在原子氧空间环境的适应性,为其在航天器上应用提供参考。方法采用刮涂法制备石墨烯薄膜,将石墨烯薄膜材料及石墨烯电阻传感器置于微波源原子氧设备内开展原子氧试验,原子氧剂量分别为3.0×10^20 atoms/cm2和7.5×10^20 atoms/cm^2,研究薄膜表面形貌、结构、成分及电阻性能的变化。结果采用刮涂法可制备氧含量较低的石墨烯薄膜,原子氧剂量为7.5×10^20 atoms/cm^2情况下,石墨烯薄膜的厚度损失为5.3μm,原子氧反应率为7.14×10^-25 atoms/cm^3。原子氧作用后,石墨烯薄膜中碳原子无序程度增大,C—O、—COOH官能团含量降低,C=O官能团含量增加。石墨烯电阻传感器的R0/R比值随原子氧剂量增加线性降低,0.8μm厚度薄膜可探测最大原子氧剂量为5×10^19 atoms/cm^2,增加薄膜厚度有望提高传感器的使用寿命。结论得到了石墨烯薄膜厚度损失、原子氧反应率、微观结构及电阻特性的变化规律,可为石墨烯薄膜的空间应用提供技术支撑。     

Identification of rice cultivars with low brown rice mixed cadmium and lead contents and their interactions with the micronutrients iron, zinc, nickel and manganese

Paddy fields in mining areas are usually co-contaminated by a cocktail of mixed toxic heavy metals (e.g., Cd and Pb in Pb/Zn mines). However, previous studies on rice cultivars screened for effective metal exclusion have mostly focused on individual metals, and have been conducted under pot-trial or hydroponic solution conditions. This study identified rice cultivars with both low Cd and Pb accumulation under Cd-and Pb-contaminated field conditions, and the interactions of the toxic elements Cd and Pb with the micronutrient elements Fe, Zn, Mn and Ni were also studied. Among 32 rice cultivars tested, there were significant differences in Cd (0.06-0.59 mg/kg) and Pb (0.25-3.15 mg/kg) levels in their brown rice, and similar results were also found for the micronutrient elements. Significant decreases in concentrations of Fe and Mn were detected with increasing Cd concentrations and a significant elevation in Fe, Mn and Ni with increasing Pb concentrations. A similar result was also shown by Cd and Ni. Three cultivars were identified with a combination of low brown rice Cd and Pb, high micronutrient and grain yield (Wufengyou 2168, Tianyou 196 and Guinongzhan). Present results suggest that it is possible to breed rice cultivars with low mixed toxic element (Cd, Pb) and high micronutrient contents along with high grain yields, thus ensuring food safety and quality.     

不同前茬冬小麦土壤呼吸特征及影响因子分析

以不同蔬菜前茬处理的冬小麦田为对象,研究土壤呼吸变化特征、各影响因子对土壤呼吸的响应的通径分析以及计算全生长季农田碳汇强度.结果表明：①温度对土壤呼吸速率的响应随深度增加具有滞后性;土壤呼吸与土壤水分呈显著二次相关.②有效磷、速效钾、土壤脲酶、土壤温度、土壤水分对土壤呼吸变化的贡献较大,为主要影响因子.5种主要因子中土...     

微波诱导热解制备小麦秸秆吸附剂及响应面优化工艺研究

以氯化锌为活化剂,通过微波诱导热解法制备小麦秸秆吸附剂,并以微波功率、热解时间和氯化锌质量分数为影响因素,碘吸附值为响应值,采用响应面法对小麦秸秆吸附剂的制备工艺进行优化。结果表明,热解时间和微波功率对碘吸附值的交互作用明显。响应面优化工艺分析,发现当热解时间4.03 min、微波功率569.0 W,氯化锌质量分数为31.24%时,碘吸附值最大,为643.33 mg/g。另外,小麦秸秆吸附等温线与I型相似,吸附剂的微孔容积为0.238 4cm³/g,吸附剂的BJH孔径分布表现窄小,最高峰出现在2.1nm左右。处理Cr(VI)废水的吸附试验,发现Cr(VI)的去除率可以达到70%以上。研究表明,微波诱导热解法及响应面优化工艺制备的小麦秸秆吸附剂技术可行且具有良好的重金属废水处理应用前景。     

基于区域产量法测算的福建省农业生态足迹

为了使生态足迹模型能更好地反映区域实际,文章对生态足迹模型中的计算项目做了较大改进。首次计算了肉类的耕地生态足迹和人畜排泄物污染生态足迹。新建了纳污土地、CO2吸收林地、水资源地三种生态足迹类型以强调农业污染的严重性和土地、林地的多重生态功能;将化石能源地并入CO2吸收林地;剔除牧草地类型,将肉类耗粮生态足迹并入耕地类型;将污染源从化石燃料扩展到人畜排泄物、化肥、农药领域,计算了CO2、N、P和农药等污染物的生态足迹。用福建省最近5 a的平均产量测算了2007年福建农业生态足迹,包括农业投入品生态足迹、农业劳动力消费生态足迹和农业污染物排放生态足迹三部分,然后与生态承载力分类比较以测度农业生产的生态占用情况。测算结果表明,2007年福建省农业生态足迹中,林地、水域、建成地、纳污土地占有实际生态承载力的比例较低,分别为1.4%、1.2%、13.4%和24.6%;而耕地占生态承载力的比例达到了94.2%;水资源地是实际生态承载力的2.2倍,出现了严重的生态赤字。最后提出相应的建议。     

Ecotoxicological effects of polycyclic musks and cadmium on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Single and joint toxic e ects of polycyclic musks including 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2- benzopyran (HHCB) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene (AHTN) and cadmium (Cd) on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were investigated. The results showed that the toxicity sequence of HHCB toxic to wheat seed germination and seedling growth was similar to that of AHTN, that is, germination rate > shoot elongation > root elongation, while the toxicity of Cd was in the sequence of root elongation > shoot elongation > germination rate, according to the LC50 and EC50 values. It is suggested that polycyclic musks and Cd had di erent toxicological mechanisms. Root and shoot elongation of wheat might be good bioindicators for the contamination of polycyclic musks and Cd in soil. The mixture of polycyclic musks and Cd had synergistic e ects on T. aestivum according to the equi-toxic mixture approach when root elongation was selected as the toxicological endpoint. Thus, the joint toxicity of HHCB and Cd was significantly higher than the single toxicity of HHCB or Cd, which was also confirmed by the EC50 mix value of the mixture (EC50 mix = 0.530 TUmix). The EC50 mix value of the mixture of AHTN and Cd was 0.614 TUmix, which indicated that the mixture toxicity was strengthened when AHTN coexisted with Cd.     

一组小麦秸秆好氧分解菌系的构建及组成多样性

采用"外淘汰法"在常温、好氧条件下构建了一组稳定、有效降解小麦秸秆的复合系.复合系分解能力的研究表明,在100mL改良CMC培养基(液面深度2 cm和直径9 cm)中,分解的前6 d复合系保持较高分解能力,减重率达到66.1%,6 d后复合系分解能力逐渐减弱,到第10 d时减重率达到77.0%.1.86 g秸秆各成分中,纤维素分解0.78 g,半纤维素分解0.16 g,木质素分解0.24 g.复合系组成多样性的研究表明,通过克隆文库构建和单菌株分离共确定出13个菌属的微生物,优势菌属有Hydrogenophaga、Pseudomonas、Bacteroides和Clostridium,占100个阳性克隆子的78%.系统发育关系表明,克隆文库和单菌分离技术分别所确定的微生物种类及亲缘关系存在一定的差异;Isolated 7(FJ439527)和Clone 86(EU834839)与假单胞菌属中的厦门藻(Pseudomonas xiamenensis)亲缘关系较近.