A fragment constant QSAR model for evaluating the EC50 values of organic chemicals to Daphnia magna.

The quantitative relationship between the median effective concentration (EC50) of organic chemicals to Daphnia magna and the number of molecular fragments was investigated based on experimental EC50 values for 217 chemicals derived from the literature. A fragment constant model was developed based on a multivariate linear regression between the number of fragments and the logarithmically transformed reciprocal values of EC50. Functional correction factors were introduced into the model. The model was verified using an independent set of randomly selected data. The mean residual of the final model was 0.4 log-units. The robustness of the model was discussed based on the results of three jackknife tests.     

城郊土壤共存元素对土壤作物系统Cd、Pb迁移的影响分析——以白银市城郊区为例

通过共存元素对土壤小麦系统Cd、Pb行为影响的调查研究发现：大田条件下共存元素以正对数模式与根系Cd、Pb密切相关,同种元素间相关程度最高;根系Cd、Pb积累主要取决于土壤环境Cd、Pb的含量,共存元素也产生一定的影响,认为要防止重金属通过食物链对人类的危害,就必须降低土壤环境中重金属的总量。     

SPE-HPLC法测定水中硝基苯酚类化合物

建立了以固相萃取为前处理条件,用液相色谱法测定水中10种硝基苯酚类化合物的分析方法。实验使用HLB(6 L/150 g)固相萃取柱富集水样中的目标化合物,二氯甲烷与乙酸乙酯体积比1:2的混合溶剂洗脱,采用Phenyl柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm)分离目标化合物,以乙腈(1%甲酸)/水(1%甲酸)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,二极管阵列检测器检测。10种硝基苯酚类物质在0.02~10 mg/L范围内呈现良好的线性。方法检出限为0.1~0.3 μg/L,水样加标相对标准偏差为5.19%~18.2%,平均加标回收率为49.8%~124%。该方法适用于水中10种硝基苯酚类化合物的测定。     

太原市多环芳烃(PAHs)排放清单与分布特征分析

根据太原市11种主要排放源的排放因子和活动量数据,估算了美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)优先控制污染物清单中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的年排放量.结果表明2010年太原市16种PAHs的排放量约为332.10t,其中7种致癌性PAHs排放总量为35.11t.从排放源看,生活燃煤和炼焦煤是太原市排放PAHs的主要来源,占总排放量的65%以上.从各地区的PAHs排放情况看,排放量最大的地区是清徐县(87t/a),占总排放的27%.其次为古交市(54t/a)、晋源区(44t/a)、尖草坪区(40t/a).各地区人均收入与单位GDP排放量之间呈负相关 (R2=0.727);各地区PAHs排放量与农村人口之间呈正相关(R2=0.813),从排放谱看,排放以低环PAHs为主(81%),致癌性PAHs占总排放量的10.6%.结果表明,太原市PAHs的排放与太原市特殊的能源结构和人群结构有关.     

介质特性对DBD降解苯的影响

为了提高介质阻挡放电(dielectric barrier discharge,DBD)等离子体的处理效率,研究了内外介质组成分别为:(1)石英 石英;(2)陶瓷 石英;(3)陶瓷 陶瓷这3种情况下苯的降解情况.试验结果表明,在处理低浓度含苯废气时,陶瓷 陶瓷效果最好;陶瓷(内管) 石英(外管)在处理高浓度含苯废气时显示出优势.通过对气相产物和固相结焦产物的分析验证了DBD能有效降解苯,降解产物不会带来新的污染.进一步分析了实验条件和介质材料的变化对DBD降解苯的影响机理.     

低浓度二氧化碳检测管的研制

应用活性氧铝—百里香酚酞吸附ＣＯ２线性比长法研制出低浓度ＣＯ２检测管。测定范围０．０５～０．９０％;灵敏度为０．０５％;检测管变色长度与ＣＯ２浓度的相关系数γ＝０．９９８１,精密度与准确度符合国家标准８３ＧＢ７２２０～７２８０。其可靠性与经典的何氏气体分析器比较,结果基本一致。低浓度的ＳＯ２、Ｈ２Ｓ和ＮＨ３对测定无明显干扰,现场监测应用效果可靠,值得推广应用。     

城市污水厂污泥堆肥中试实验研究

城市污水厂污泥由于产生量大且成分复杂，如何对它进行稳定化、无害化处理已越来越受到人们的关注。本研究基于好氧发酵仓式堆肥系统，研究了城市污泥处理过程中温度、含水率、pH、有机质、水溶性有机碳、总氮和发芽指数等指标参数的变化规律。研究结果表明：当物抖初始含水率控制在65％左右时，在强制通风量112．5m^3／12hr，搅拌频率30min/24hr的工艺条件下，堆肥过程可以实现顺利升温并在55℃以上维持3天，满足杀灭致病茵要求的条件；14天反应用期结束时，物抖含水率、水溶性有机碳和有机质含量显著降低，堆肥产品腐熟，卫生学指标达到了美国EPA污泥产品A类标准；得列的污泥产品成为性质优良的土壤质量调节荆。     

A Comparison of Mass,Lead, Sulfate,and Nitrate Concentrations in a Field Study Using Dichotomous,Size-Selective,and Standard Hi-Vol Samplers

Air monitoring In the San Francisco Bay Area was carried out to measure outdoor community air concentrations of poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and mutagenlc activity (mutagenlclty) In participate organic matter (POM). Monitoring began In 1979 and Is currently conducted at six stations. PAH and mutagenlclty tests were performed on organic extracts prepared from high volume (hl-vol) filters composited every four months, by meteorological season. PAH were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence and ultraviolet detection. Mutagenlclty was measured In the Ames Salmonella bloas-say using strain TA98 with and without metabolic activation. The nine-year mean concentration of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) was 0.4 ng/m³. The mutagenlcfty of this amount of BaP accounted for only about 0.2% of the observed mutagenicity In POM and other measured PAH accounted for even less. Concentrations of PAH and mutagenlclty were three to nine times higher during the winter than during other seasons. Year-to-year wintertime trends In several PAH were also seen. Early In the 1980s, winter concentrations of BaP and benzo (g,h,i)perylene Increased. However since the mld-1980’s, their concentrations have fallen. The decrease In PAH concentrations may be the result of an Increasing proportion of vehicles with relatively low organic emissions. In contrast to PAH, mutagenlcfty did not show significant year-to-year time trends.     

冷空气在北上台风“利奇马”致灾暴雨中的作用分析

利用NCEP逐6 h再分析资料、地面加密观测、探空、雷达资料,分析得出“利奇马”致灾暴雨是在长时间稳定维持的天气尺度环流背景下形成的。冷空气在降水所起的作用表现在:(1)长时间维持的弱冷空气与偏南暖湿气流交汇形成了边界层辐合线,辐射升温和暖湿气流的输送加大了辐合线两侧的温度和露点梯度,在高温高湿的有利环境下,对流在辐合线附近强烈发展。(2)高空槽后冷空气由“利奇马”环流西北侧渗入,先后形成3个冷平流中心,分别对应3个阶段的降水。(3)冷暖空气在降水区的持续辐合抬升作用增强了降水,最强降水时段发生在锋区垂直方向坡度最大的时段。(4)水平锋生有利于水汽输送和辐合抬升,垂直锋生有利于对流不稳定能量的累积和触发。冷空气形成的水平辐合和抬升造成大范围上升运动,使得锋生和垂直锋消同时存在,最强降水时段发生在水平锋生最强的时段。