淮南次生生物煤层气形成途径研究

利用淮南新庄孜煤矿采集的煤样、矿井水样开展淮南煤层生物产气的可行性研究及产气途径分析。实验样品采自A1煤层63301切眼,采深786 m煤样的工业组分包括煤样水分含量1.2%、挥发分29.23%、固定碳含量82.72%。实验对照组为矿井水样、煤样、缓冲试剂(N-TES)、ORP指示剂、微生物生长所需的维生素、微量元素、矿物质混合。实验组在对照组的基础上分别添加产乙酸菌抑制剂盐酸万古霉素、二氧化碳吸收液(反应器中内置NaOH溶液,与液体培养基隔离)。经过56 d实验,整个反应过程pH值在7～7.9,适合微生物生存,TOC浓度保持在750～950 mg/L,底物相对充足,最终产气率对照组(0.36μL/g煤)NaOH吸收液组(0.28μL/g煤)盐酸万古霉素组(0.26μL/g煤),该结果表明淮南煤层可生物产气,同时存在乙酸氧化途径和CO_2/H_2还原途径,以乙酸途径为主。     

土壤中有效态砷钒铬的两种提取方法比较

从提取液对测定结果的影响、消解方法对测定结果的影响和提取效率3个方面,对碳酸氢铵-二乙烯三胺五乙酸(AB-DTPA)法和氯化钙-二乙烯三胺五乙酸(CaCl_2-DTPA)法提取、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定土壤中有效态As、V和Cr的优缺点进行了对比,结果表明:AB-DTPA法比CaCl_2-DTPA法提取效率更高。用ICP-OES法测定AB-DTPA法提取有效态As、V和Cr,检出限为0.007～0.019 mg/kg,加标回收率为95.0%～119.0%,相对标准偏差为2.42%～6.30%。该方法快速高效、灵敏度高、准确度和精密度好,实现了多元素同时提取,方法适用性广泛。     

改性CeCuK/Y对乙酸催化燃烧和乙酸、氯化氢同时氧化的性能研究

在氯化氢氧化CeCuK/Y分子筛催化剂研制基础上,针对氯乙酸生产中含乙酸的氯化氢尾气,制备出用钇改性的CeCuK/Y分子筛催化剂,采用常压固定床反应器考察了该催化剂对乙酸催化燃烧的性能。研究结果表明:当催化剂装填量为3 g,空气为氧化剂,乙酸体积分数为0.4%,反应气总空速在15000 h-1以内,反应温度为240℃时,乙酸去除率可达95%以上。经过200 h的稳定运行,乙酸的去除率始终保持在90%以上。同时,对该催化剂用于含乙酸的氯化氢氧化制氯反应的催化性能进行了研究,当催化剂用量为8 g,氧气为氧化剂,氯化氢、氧气流量均为130 mL/min,氯化氢气体中乙酸的体积分数为1%,在反应温度为430℃时,HCl的转化率可以达到75%。     

Effects of metal and acidic sites on the reaction by-products of butyl acetate oxidation over palladium-based catalysts

Catalytic oxidation is widely used in pollution control technology to remove volatile organic compounds. In this study, Pd/ZSM-5 catalysts with different Pd contents and acidic sites were prepared via the impregnation method. All the catalysts were characterized by means of N2 adsorption- desorption, X-ray fluorescence （XRF）, HE temperature programmed reduction （H2-TPR）, and NH3 temperature programmed desorption （NH3-TPD）. Their catalytic performance was investigated in the oxidation of butyl acetate experiments. The by-products of the reaction were collected in thermal desorption tubes and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. It was found that the increase of Pd content slightly changed the catalytic activity of butyl acetate oxidation according to the yield of CO2 achieved at 90%, but decreased the cracking by-products, whereas the enhancement of strong acidity over Pd-based catalysts enriched the by-product species. The butyl acetate oxidation process involves a series of reaction steps including protolysis, dehydrogenation, dehydration, cracking, and isomerization. Generally, butyl acetate was cracked to acetic acid and 2- methylpropene and the latter was an intermediate of the other by-products, and the oxidation routes of typical by-products were proposed. Trace amounts of 3-methylpentane, hexane, 2-methylpentane, pentane, and 2-methylbutane originated from iso4merization and protolysis reactions.     

降水中甲酸、乙酸和草酸的离子色谱法测定及样品保存研究

甲酸、乙酸和草酸是降水中有机酸的主要成分。研究选用离子色谱法同时测定降水中的甲酸、乙酸和草酸,并对降水样品中3种有机酸的保存条件进行了研究。优化后的色谱条件为4. 0 mmol/L Na_2CO_3和1. 2 mmol/L NaHCO_3混合淋洗液,淋洗液流速为1. 0 m L/min,进样体积为200μL,电导池温度为30℃,柱温为室温。甲酸、乙酸和草酸的检出限分别为0. 002、0. 005、0. 005 mg/L,实际降水样品测定时平行样的相对标准偏差为1. 4%～12%,加标回收率为95%～118%。样品采集后需尽快用0. 45μm聚醚砜微孔滤膜过滤,4℃以下冷藏密封保存,2 d内测定。若用氢氧化钠溶液调节p H至8～10,样品可保存7 d。     

茅草添加与温度变化对餐厨垃圾厌氧水解产酸的影响

比较了茅草添加在温度变化条件下对餐厨垃圾厌氧水解过程小分子有机酸产量的影响，提出一种新型餐厨垃圾的资源化方式。研究结果显示，餐厨垃圾在55℃条件下厌氧水解主要产物为乳酸，达到25．7g／L，其干物质转化率可以达到32．1％（gTS），而餐厨＋茅草处理在同样条件下的乳酸产量为20．1g／L，干物质转化率为25．1％。温度下降为37℃后继续进行的的厌氧水解，得到的主要产物是乙酸、丙酸和丁酸，餐厨处理和餐厨＋茅草处理这两者的峰值分别为6．5、2．8、8．0和6．1g／L、2．7g／L和5．9g／L。结果显示茅草添加可以在一定程度上调节水解产物的比例，而温度变化可以调控小分子有机酸的产量。本研究结果表明，厌氧水解是一种有潜力的小分子有机酸生产与餐厨垃圾资源化处理途径。     

Haloacetic acids in swimming pool and spa water in the United States and China

The objective of this study is to investigate the occurrence of haloacetic acids （HAAs）, a group of disinfection byproducts, in swimming pool and spa water. The samples were collected from six indoor pools, six outdoor pools and three spas in Pennsylvania, the United States, and from five outdoor pools and nine indoor pools in Beijing, China. Five HAAs （HAA5）, including monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid were analyzed. Total chlorine, pH and total organic carbon concentration were analyzed as well. Results indicated that the levels of HAA5 in swimming pools and spas in the United States ranged from 70 to 3980μg·L^-1, with an arithmetic average at 1440μg·L^-1 and a median level at 1150μg·L^-1. These levels are much higher than the levels reported in chlorinated drinking water and are likely due to organic matters released from swimmers＇ bodies. The levels of HAA5 in swimming pools in China ranged from 13 to 332μg·L^-1, with an arithmetic average at 117μg·L^-1 and a median level at 114μg·L^-1. The lower HAA levels in swimming pools in China were due to the lower chlorine residuals. Results from this study can help water professionals to better understand the formation and stability of HAAs in chlorinated water and assess risks associated with exposures to HAAs in swimming pools and spas.     

改性碳纳米管负载Pd基催化剂对二氯乙酸的催化加氢脱氯

以壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)为单体,采用表面沉积交联法对多壁碳纳米管(CNT)改性得到壳聚糖修饰的碳纳米管(CS-CNT).分别以CS-CNT和CNT为载体,用硼氢化钠还原法制备Pd/CNT和Pd/CS-CNT负载型催化剂.采用元素分析仪、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP)、透射电镜(TEM)、比表面积与孔径分布测定仪(BET)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对材料进行表征,并对二氯乙酸的液相催化加氢脱氯反应进行了研究.结果表明,与Pd/CNT相比,Pd/CS-CNT对二氯乙酸有更高的催化活性.此外,该催化加氢脱氯反应受溶液pH及催化剂表面Pd颗粒的影响.二氯乙酸的催化加氢脱氯反应符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood模型,表明该反应过程由二氯乙酸在催化剂表面的吸附所控制.     

顶空气相色谱法测定水中六种卤乙酸

卤代酸(HAAs)的研究是国际供水中的热点问题之一,2005年中国将HAAs作为非常规检测项目。文中通过对样品前处理浓缩与进样方式的改进,采用HS-GC联用的方法检测水中卤乙酸获得了较好的结果。