嘉陵江有毒鱼类的分布研究

为了丰富人们对有毒鱼类的认知,结合8年的调查数据和已有资料对嘉陵江中有毒鱼类的种类、分布和食性进行研究。研究结果发现:在嘉陵江中有毒鱼类共计18种,隶属于4目6科17属,随着分类水平的变化(从目、科、属到种),有毒鱼类在不同分类级别下所占的比例逐渐降低。嘉陵江有毒鱼类中仅圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)和鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)分布于中下游,其余16种有毒鱼类分布于整个嘉陵江干流。Jaccard’s相似性分析表明各江段有毒鱼类分布的相似性极高,卡方(χ~2)检验结果显示各江段有毒鱼类分布无显著性差异(p0.05)。嘉陵江分布的有毒鱼类共4类,包括卵毒鱼类2种,血清毒鱼类1种,胆毒鱼类9种以及刺毒鱼类7种,其中鲇(Silurus asotus)既属于卵毒鱼类也属于刺毒鱼类,胆毒鱼类全部来源于鲤科鱼类,暂没有发现皮肤黏液毒鱼类。这18种有毒鱼类共包含7种食性类型,主要以杂食性和肉食性类型为主,分别占有毒鱼类种类数的38.89%和33.33%。通过本研究可知,有毒鱼类在嘉陵江中分布广泛,有毒鱼类种类和类别较多。该研究促进了人们对嘉陵江有毒鱼类相关知识的了解,为进一步研究嘉陵江有毒鱼类奠定了基础。     

智能化有害有毒气体污染源监测仪的研究

为了快速寻找有害有毒气体污染源,利用8个红外激光气体传感器,分别安装步进电机驱动旋转的圆盘圆周上在不同的方向上对污染气体进行数据采集。同时与二维热差式风速风向传感器采集到的风速风向数据,一并送入MSC1210单片机进行数据处理和运用智能人工神经网络进行模式训练与模式识别,从而识别出污染源的位置、浓度和种类。通过GPS全球卫星定位系统和GPRS无线传输网络,把监测到的信息发送给相关部门早做处理,并报警,避免污染进一步扩散。实验表明,该智能化追索气体污染源监测仪具有良好的可靠性、安全性和实用性。     

库里蒂巴见闻

库里蒂巴,巴西南部的一颗绿色明珠,被誉为巴西的生态首都.该市面积430平方公里,人口175万,拥有28个公园和森林园区.然而1970年,这里的人均绿地面积还不足1平方米,但如今,这个数字已经变为52平方米,远远超过联合国规定的16平方米标准.1990年,库里蒂巴荣获联合国首批"宜居城市"称号,2010年又被评为"全球可持续城市".此次《巴西环保之窗》采访之旅,我们有幸与这座世界着名的绿色城市进行了两天的"零距离"接触.     

国外VOCs污染防治政策体系借鉴

为了控制VOCs污染,世界各国都制定了相应的控制政策,已经取得了一定成效。而在中国,针对VOCs的污染系统防治工作才刚刚起步。借鉴国外VOCs污染防治政策体系建设方面的经验,并提出相应对策,有助于中国防治VOCs污染。随着社会经济的发展,环境问题日益突出。挥发性有机物(Volatile Organic Compounds,VOCs)作为一种大气污染物,已成为危害人类健康的一大公害。根据世界卫生组织(WHO)定义,VOCs是沸点在50℃～250℃,常温下以蒸汽形式存在于空气中的一     

森林生态系统在节能减排中的重要作用

工业革命以来,全球性生态问题日趋严重,气候变暖、水土流失、环境污染、森林植被遭破坏、生物多样性减少等突出问题,严重影响着人类的生存和经济社会的可持续发展。科学研究证明,大量的工业污染物和有害废弃物累积于大气、水体、土壤和生物圈中,特别是大量化石燃料燃烧释放的污染物和温室气体进入自然界,超出地球系统的正常承载阈值,是诱发全球性生态危机的主要原因。     

工作场所有害因素检测的质量控制

按照工作场所有害因素检测的环节和过程,把质量控制分为现场采样的质量控制,样品交接、流转和贮存的质量控制,实验室分析的质量控制,数据处理和报告编制的质量控制。对工作场所有害因素检测各个环节中的关键点质量控制进行了讨论,提出质量控制的具体要求。     

Concentrations and chemical forms of potentially toxic metals in road-deposited sediments from different zones of Hangzhou, China

The 25 road-deposited sediments were collected from five different land-use zones (industrial, residential, commercial, park, and countryside) in Hangzhou, China. The concentrations of metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in these samples were determined using the ICP-AES after digestion with the mixture of HNO3-HF-HCl (aqua regia), and chemically fractionated using the modified BCR (the European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. The highest metal concentration level was detected in the sample from industrial zone and commercial zone having heavy traffic. While the lowest metal level was noted in the street dust sample from residential zone, park, and countryside zone. The mobility sequence based on the sum of the BCR sequential extraction stages was: Zn (80.28%), Pb (78.68%), Cd (77.66%) ＞ Cu (73.34%) ＞ Mn (67.92%) ＞ Co (41.66%) ＞ Ni (30.36%) ＞ Cr (21.56%), Fe (20.86%). Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were applied to the data matrix to evaluate the analytical results and to identify the possible pollution sources of metals. Factor analysis showed that these areas were mainly contaminated by three sources, namely lithology, traffic, and industry.     

Variation of grain Cd and Zn concentrations of 110 hybrid rice cultivars grown in a low-Cd paddy soil

Enhanced Cd uptake and Zn depletion in rice grains and high potential for food Cd exposure by the high-yielding hybrid cultivars of China had been addressed. A field experiment was conducted in 2006 to determine the di erence in grain Cd and Zn between cultivars. Total 110 cultivars including super rice and common hybrid rice cultivars were grown on a single paddy soil (Entic Haplaquept) with a neutral reaction and low total Cd content. Grain Cd and Zn concentrations were determined with graphite atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (GFAAS) and flame atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (AAS) respectively.Wide variation of Cd content in grain was found in a range of 0.004–0.057 mg/kg, while the Zn content in a range of 10.25–30.06 mg/kg among the cultivars. Higher Cd but lower Zn concentration in grains of super rice cultivars was observed compared to the common hybrid ones. A highly significant positive linear correlation of grain Cd/Zn with grain Cd was found for super rice and common hybrid cultivars, meanwhile much higher slope for these hybrid cultivars than the reported non-hybrid cultivars was also observed. Using the limit value of the Chinese chemical guidelines for foods (MOHC and SSC, 2005), calculated potential risk of food Cd exposure with “Zn hungry” through diet intake was prominent with all the studied 110 hybrid rice cultivars, possessing high potential health problems for rice production in South China using the super rice cultivars. Breeding of genotypes of rice cultivars with low grain Cd and low Cd/Zn ratio is needed for rice production in acidic red soils where Cd bioavailability is prevalently high.     

Bioaccumulation and depuration of chromium in the selected organs and whole body tissues of freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala individually and in binary solutions with nickel

Contamination of aquatic ecosystems with heavy metals has been receiving increased worldwide attention due to their harmful e ects on human health and other organisms in the environment. Most of the studies dealing with toxic e ects of metals deal with single metal species, while the aquatic organisms are typically exposed to mixtures of metals. Hence, in order to provide data supporting the usefulness of freshwater fish as indicators of heavy metal pollution, it has been proposed in the present study to investigate the bioaccumulation and depuration of chromium in the selected organs of freshwater fingerlings Cirrhinus mrigala, individually and in binary solutions with nickel. The results show that the kidney is a target organ for chromium accumulation, which implies that it is also the “critical” organ for toxic symptoms. The results further show that accumulation of nickel in all the tissues of C. mrigala is higher than that of chromium. In addition, the metal accumulations of the binary mixtures of chromium and nickel are substantially higher than those of the individual metals, indicating synergistic interactions between the two metals. Theoretically the simplest explanation for an additive joint action of toxicants in a mixture is that they act in a qualitatively similar way. The observed data suggest that C. mrigala could be suitable monitoring organisms to study the bioavailability of water-bound metals in freshwater habitats.     

含汞有害固体废弃物的固化/稳定化技术研究进展

总结了国外含汞有害固体废弃物固化技术的研究和应用发展现状。系统阐述了研究和应用较多的三种固化技术(水泥基、低温化学键磷酸盐陶瓷,硫聚合物)的固化过程原理、特征,研究和应用现状以及可得的操作数据。介绍了新兴的可能用于含汞固体废弃物的材料的研究数据。比较了各种技术的优缺点,应用上的局限性,为含汞固体废弃物的固化处理新技术的发展提供思路。