Risk assessment and risk reduction of an acrylonitrile production plant

Reducing accident occurrence in petrochemical plants is crucial, thus appropriately allocating management resources to safety investment is a vital issue for corporate management as international competition intensifies. Understanding the priority of safety investment in a rational way helps achieve this objective.In this study, we targeted an acrylonitrile plant. First, Dow Chemical's Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) identified the reaction process as having the greatest physical risk. We evaluated the severity of accidents in the reaction process using the Process Safety Metrics advocated by the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS); however, this index does not express damages a company actually experience. To solve this problem, we proposed a new metric that adds indirect cost to CCPS metrics. We adopted fault tree analysis (FTA) as a risk assessment method. In identifying top events and basic events, we attempted to improve the completeness of risk identification by considering accidents from the past, actual plant operation and equipment characteristics, natural disasters, and cyber-attacks and terrorist attacks. Consequently, we identified the top events with high priority in handling because of serious accidents as fire/explosion outside the reactor, fire/explosion inside the reactor, and reactor destruction. The new CCPS evaluation index proposed in this study found that fire and explosion outside the reactor has the highest severity. We considered the creation of the fault tree (FT) diagram of the top event, estimating the occurrence probability, and identifying the risk reduction part and capital investment aimed at risk reduction. As an economically feasible selection method for risk reduction investment, using the difference in loss amounts before and after safety investments indicated investment priority.     

水中乙醛、丙烯醛和丙烯腈3种测定方法的对比

对比研究了大体积直接进样填充柱气相色谱法、顶空-气相色谱法和吹扫捕集-气相色谱法等3种测定水中乙醛、丙烯醛和丙烯腈的方法.结果表明,大体积直接进样法设备简单,但手动进样耗力费时,且灵敏度低,精密度差,直接水样分析易影响色谱柱和检测器的使用寿命;顶空法稳定性好,线性范围宽,相关性和精密度好,适合较高浓度水样的分析;吹扫捕集法操作简便,峰形好,检出限低,回收率高,适合低浓度水样的分析.顶空法和吹扫捕集法自动化程度高,均适用于大批量样品分析.     

Simulation of a Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) spill in the marine environment: Lethal and sublethal effects of acrylonitrile to the European seabass

Despite the extensive maritime transportation of Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS), there is a current lack of knowledge on the effects posed by HNS spills on the marine biota. Among the HNS identified as priority, acrylonitrile was selected to conduct ecotoxicological assays. We assessed the acute and subletal effects of acrylonitrile in seabass, followed by a recovery phase to simulate the conditions of a spill incident. The work aimed at testing a broad range of biological responses induced by acrylonitrile. Sublethal exposure to the highest two doses increased the fish mortality rate (8.3% and 25% mortality in 0.75 and 2 mg L⁻¹ acrylonitrile concentrations), whereas no mortality were observed in control and 0.15 mg L⁻¹ treatments. Additionally, important alterations at sub-individual level were observed. Acrylonitrile significantly induced the activities of Catalase– CAT and Glutathione S-Transferase – GST; and the levels of DNA damage were significantly increased. Conversely, Superoxide Dismutase– SOD – activity was found to be significantly inhibited and no effects were found on Lipid Peroxidation– LPO and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase – EROD – activity. Following a 7 d recovery period, the levels of CAT, GST and EROD fell to levels at or below those in the control. In the 2 mg L⁻¹ group, SOD remained at the levels found during exposure phase. This study has gathered essential information on the acute and subletal toxicity of acrylonitrile to seabass. It also demonstrated that 7 d recovery allowed a return of most endpoints to background levels. These data will be useful to assist relevant bodies in preparedness and response to HNS spills.     

气袋直接进样法测定丙烯腈

采用气袋直接进样法测定环境和污染源空气中的丙烯腈。结果表明:丙烯腈在0.4～99.5 mg/m3浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999 8。在低、中、高3个添加水平回收率为88.9%~100%,相对标准偏差为0.6%~4.7%,均能较好地满足实验室分析要求。     

填充柱(FID)-顶空气相色谱法测定水和废水中丙烯腈

本文用顶空气相色谱法测定水和废水中丙烯腈,具有简便、快速、灵敏、准确,干扰少,适用性强等优点,适用于不同类型的环境水样分析。     

丙烯腈生产中影响“三废”的因素探讨及对策

分析丙烯腈的生产特点，采取切实可行的措施，将污染物排放量降到最低限度。     

超声解吸-气相色谱法同时测定环境空气中乙腈和丙烯腈

采用大容量活性炭管吸附环境空气,丙酮-二硫化碳混合溶液（体积比为1∶1）超声解吸目标物,用气相色谱法（带FID检测器）同时测定样品中乙腈和丙烯腈。通过优化试验条件,使方法在1.00 mg/L~50.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,乙腈和丙烯腈的方法检出限均为0.003 mg/m3。低、中、高3个质量浓度水平的模拟环境样品6次测定结果的RSD为3.4%~7.0%,加标回收率为86.8%~102%。用该方法在北京某石化公司厂界布设采样点测定,结果为未检出。     

化学氧化法预处理丙烯腈工业废水的研究

本实验分别以丙烯腈厂在生产过程中产生的废水为研究对象，在实验室条件下，通过Fenton试剂氧化法研究了各种条件对丙烯腈废水中COD降解的影响以及最佳的处理参数，实验结果表明，通过Fenton试剂氧化可使废水中COD值分别从26000－4300mg/L降至2000－4000mg/L,COD去除率达到85％左右，证实用Fenton试剂氧化预处理丙烯腈废水是一种非常有效的方法。     

化纤废水中二甲基亚砜和丙烯腈的高效液相色谱分析

研究了同时测定化纤废水中二甲基亚砜和丙烯腈含量的高效液相色谱分析方法。采用HPLC-PDA,HypersilBDS C18色谱柱,以甲醇∶水=20∶80为流动相对试样中的二甲基亚砜和丙烯腈进行了测定。该方法适用于化纤废水中两组分的痕量分析,也可用于高浓度废水试样的测定。丙烯腈的最低检出浓度为0.2mg/L;满足了GB 8978污水综合排放标准中一级指标(2.0mg/L)的要求;同时也符合GB 11607渔业水质标准的要求(0.5mg/L)。二甲基亚砜尚未制定限量标准,方法的最低检出浓度为0.48mg/L。     

对含丙烯腈污水处理原工艺改造

对中国石油D城市炼化公司一污水处理站进行改造,主要处理丙烯腈及腈纶纺丝、回收和腈纶聚合污水。目前国内污水处理的方法基本上是物化处理、生化处理、加药混凝沉淀、离子交换等水处理工艺。