The size distribution of airborne bacteria and human pathogenic bacteria in a commercial composting plant

•Bacterial concentrations from eight stages were 10⁴–10⁵copies/m³. •Diameter influenced clustering of bacterial and HPB lineages. •Dg of 8 HPB ranged from 2.42 to 5.09 μm in composting areas. •Dg of 8 HPB ranged from 3.70 to 8.96 μm in packaging areas. •HPB had high concentrations and small sizes in composting areas. Composting plants are regarded as one of the important sources of environmental bioaerosols. However, limitations in the size distribution of airborne bacteria have prevented our comprehensive understanding of their risk to human health and their dispersal behavior. In this study, different sizes of airborne bacteria were collected using an eight-stage impactor from a full-scale composting facility. Size-related abundance and communities of airborne bacteria as well as human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) were investigated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing coupled with droplet digital PCR. Our results indicate that the bacterial concentrations from the eight stages were approximately 10⁴–10⁵copies/m³. Although no statistical correlation was detected between the particle size and the Shannon index, the influence of size on bacterial lineages was observed in both composting and packaging areas. For airborne bacteria from different stages, the dominant phyla were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, and the dominant genera was Bacillus. Seven out of eight HPB with a small geometric mean aerodynamic diameter had a high concentration in composting areas. Based on diameters of 2.42 to 5.09 μm, most HPB in the composting areas were expected to be deposited on the bronchus and secondary bronchus. However, in the packaging areas, the deposition of HPB (diameters 3.70 to 8.96 μm) occurred in the upper part of the respiratory tract. Our results on the size distribution, abundance, and diversity of these bacteria offer important information for the systematic evaluation of bacterial pathogenicity and the potential health impacts on workers in composting plants and the surrounding residents.     

文丘里洗涤过滤型FCVS性能评价述评及建议

通过调研对国内外文丘里洗涤过滤型FCVS性能评价进展进行了阐述与比较,指出国内开展文丘里洗涤过滤型FCVS出厂性能评价不全面,需进一步开展相关性能评价技术研究;FCVS在现场的安装质量如何,随着时间的推移性能变化如何,并未开展试验验证,结合法规要求等,建议开展FCVS现场试验评价技术的研究。     

空气微生物作为大气污染常规分析指标的必要性

空气微生物来源于土壤、植物、水和人类,包括细菌、病毒、酵母、真菌和原生动物。众所周知,空气微生物可以进入呼吸道影响人体健康,导致呼吸系统及相关疾病。因此,微生物在环境空气中的含量及分布状况等是人们最关注的问题。本文综述了空气微生物的种类、来源、危害、监测方法和国内外研究进展,展望了空气微生物的研究前景,并建议将空气微生物作为大气污染常规分析指标。     

适冷微生物研究进展及应用现状

适冷微生物(包括嗜冷微生物、耐冷微生物)是在低温下仍具有生存和繁殖的能力的一类微生物,低温会对微生物产生如酶活性降低、膜流动性变差、蛋白质冷变性、不适当的蛋白质空间折叠和低温下细胞内部构造破坏等不利影响。适冷微生物能克服低温带来的消极影响,并能在极端环境下生长及代谢。随着宏基因组测序、蛋白质组学以及其它分析手段在环境微生物中的应用,作者对低温微生物的一些适应性改变有了新的认识。酶活性中心结构的改变、膜中脂质成分含量的增加,冷适应蛋白的快速表达等都被证明在对低温适应中起着重要作用。文章综述了适冷微生物的适冷机理及其在污染控制领域的应用,为适冷微生物的实际工程应用提供参考,为适冷微生物在环境工程中的进一步广泛应用奠定基础。     

Degradation of pyrene by immobilized microorganisms in saline-alkaline soil

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is very difficult in saline-alkaline soil due to the inhibition of microbial growth under saline-alkaline stress. The microorganisms that can most effectively degrade PAHs were screened by introducing microorganisms immobilized on farm byproducts and assessing the validity of the immobilizing technique for PAHs degradation in pyrene-contaminated saline-alkaline soil. Among the microorganisms examined, it was found that Mycobacterium sp. B2 is the best, and can degrade 82.2% and 83.2% of pyrene for free and immobilized cells after 30 days of incubation. The immobilization technique could increase the degradation of pyrene significantly, especially for fungi. The degradation of pyrene by the immobilized microorganisms Mucor sp. F2, fungal consortium MF and co-cultures of MB+MF was increased by 161.7% (P < 0.05), 60.1% (P < 0.05) and 59.6% (P < 0.05) after 30 days, respectively, when compared with free F2, MF and MB+MF. Scanning electron micrographs of the immobilized microstructure proved the positive effects of the immobilized microbial technique on pyrene remediation in saline-alkaline soil, as the interspace of the carrier material structure was relatively large, providing enough space for cell growth. Co-cultures of different bacterial and fungal species showed different abilities to degrade PAHs. The present study suggests that Mycobacterium sp. B2 can be employed for in situ bioremediation of PAHs in saline-alkaline soil, and immobilization of fungi on farm byproducts and nutrients as carriers will enhance fungus PAH-degradation ability in saline-alkaline soil.     

板式生物滴滤塔高效净化硫化氢废气的研究

采用营养液分层喷淋、pH分别在线控制(pH 2.5、 4.5、 6.5)的板式生物滴滤塔(plate type-biotrickling filter, PTBTF)净化H₂S废气,考察PTBTF于挂膜启动及稳定运行阶段对H₂S的降解性能.结果表明,PTBTF系统在14 d内即完成挂膜,对浓度为188.6mg·m^-3的H₂S去除率达到100%;在进口浓度100～1000mg·m^-3、空床停留时间(EBRT)28～4 s的条件下,H₂S的去除率可达到99%以上;当H₂S去除率≥90%时, PTBTF系统的最大去除负荷随EBRT(3.3～6 s)的增加而增大,EBRT 6 s的最大去除负荷达到1019.0g·(m³·h)^-1;上、中、下3层填料对H₂S的去除负荷随进口H₂S负荷的波动呈显著变化;通过荧光染色观察填料上的细胞数,发现在挂膜阶段微生物数量增长明显,第125 d上层、中层和下层填料上的菌落数(以干填料计)分别达到了1.29×10⁷、 5.47×10⁸和1.07×10⁹个·g^-1;采用扫描电镜观察填料表面的生物膜,可见上填料层和下填料层的优势菌分别为杆菌和丝状菌;利用变性梯度凝胶电泳初步揭示了系统运行过程中生物群落的演替规律;通过对产物的分析,确定该PTBTF系统降解H₂S后主要产生SO^2-₄和单质硫.     

不同土壤耕作方式下秸秆还田量对晚稻土壤养分与微生物的影响

在耕翻、少耕和免耕条件下研究了早稻秸秆还田量对晚稻土壤养分与微生物的影响,结果表明,①秸秆还田显著提高土壤有效磷和速效钾含量,对土壤碱解氮含量的提高体现在水稻生育后期;秸秆还田对土壤碱解氮和有效磷含量的提高效果在免耕条件下最好,而对速效钾含量的提高效果在少耕条件下最好;②不同耕作方式下宜实行不同秸秆还田量,就提高有效磷和速效钾含量而言,耕翻和少耕条件下宜实行全部秸秆还田,而免耕条件下宜实行2/3秸秆还田;③秸秆还田使土壤真菌和嫌气性细菌数量减少,放线菌和好气性细菌数量增加;耕翻使土壤真菌和嫌气性细菌数量减少,好气性细菌数量增加;④土壤耕作有利于晚稻生育前期与后期土壤微生物活度的提高,秸秆还田量对土壤微生物活度的影响在不同耕作方式下表现不同,耕翻条件下以2/3还田量处理的土壤微生物活度最高,而少免耕条件下1/3还田量处理最高.     

Granulation of filamentous microorganisms in a sequencing batch reactor with saline wastewater

Proliferation of filamentous microorganisms frequently leads to operational failure for activate sludge systems. In this study, it was found that filamentous microorganisms could grow in compact granular structure with 5% sodium chloride in the substrate. In the early period of experiment, coccoid and rode-like bacteria predominated in the yellowish-brown granules, and later the white and the black granules were developed by filamentous microorganisms. The filamentous granules exhibited low porosity and fas...     

一种测定活性污泥中高等微生物活性的方法

采用机械破碎方式灭活活性污泥中高等微生物,并通过测定破碎前后泥样耗氧速率(OUR)之差别间接计算高等微生物的活性作用.实验结果表明,以分散机破碎活性污泥,高等微生物均可被有效地破碎灭活,且再培养138h后不再恢复.与此同时,对酵母菌破碎实验显示,机械破碎并未对其数量、形态以及活性产生太大影响,这表明机械破碎亦不会对个体尺寸比酵母菌更小的细菌构成任何影响.为使破碎前后活性污泥絮凝体形态基本一致,将破碎后的泥样经离心处理,以尽可能使絮凝体恢复如初(以SVI衡量).通过比较破碎前后泥样的OUR并计算可知,高等微生物活性相对于活性污泥总活性约占12%～14%.     

Indigenous bacteria may interfere with the biocontrol of plant diseases

Prodigiosin is a reddish antibiotic pigment that plays an important role in the biocontrol of plant diseases by the bacterium Serratia marcescens. However, its activity is unstable under agricultural conditions; further, it can be degraded by various environmental factors. To examine the effect of epiphytic microbes on the stability of prodigiosin used for biological control processes, we collected a total of 1,280 bacterial isolates from the phylloplane of cyclamen and tomato plants. Approximately 72% of the bacterial strains isolated from the cyclamen plants and 66% of those isolated from the tomato plants grew on minimal agar medium containing 100 μg ml⁻¹ prodigiosin. Certain isolates obtained from both plant species exhibited prodigiosin-degrading activity. We compared the 16S rRNA gene sequences derived from the isolates with sequences in a database. The comparison revealed that the sequences determined for the prodigiosin-degrading isolates were homologous to those of the genera Pseudomonas, Caulobacter, Rhizobium, Sphingomonas, Janthinobacterium, Novosphingobium, and Rathayibacter. These results indicate that indigenous epiphytic microorganisms may interfere with the interaction between plant pathogens and biocontrol agents by degrading the antibiotics produced by the agents.