Development and validation of LC-MS/MS method for the determination of Ochratoxin A and its metabolite Ochratoxin α in poultry tissues and eggs

The objective of this study was to develop a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of Ochratoxin A (OTA) and Ochratoxin α (OTα) in poultry tissues and eggs. The two toxins were extracted by a mixture of acetonitrile/water, purified with a reversed phase C18 solid phase extraction column (SPE) and determined by LC-MS/MS. The LC-MS/MS method performances were evaluated in terms of linearity in solvent and in matrix (ranged from 0.5 to 15.10 µg L^?1 for OTA and from 0.60 to 17.85 µg L^?1 for OTα), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), specificity, accuracy and precision in repeatability conditions. Recovery experiments were performed by spiking poultry liver, kidney, muscle and eggs around 1 µg kg^?1 and 10 µg kg^?1. LODs were 0.27 and 0.26 µg kg^?1 while LOQs were fixed at 1.0 and 1.2 µg kg^?1 for OTA and OTα, respectively. Main recoveries for OTA ranged from 82 to 109% and for OTα ranged from 55 to 89%. The values of within-laboratory relative standard deviation (RSD_r) were equal to or below 20%. Considering the results obtained and that all analytical performance criteria were fulfilled, the new extraction and purification method developed for OTA and OTα determination in animal tissues and eggs was found appropriate for control laboratories and research activities designed to ensure food safety.     

Metal contents of marine turtle eggs (Chelonia mydas; Lepidochelys olivacea) from the tropical eastern pacific and the implications for human health

Concentrations of eight elements were measured in Chelonia mydas and Lepidochelys olivacea eggs collected along the Pacific coast of Panama. Manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) concentrations were similar to previous reports of these species from around the world, while lead (Pb) was lower than previous reports. Cd posed the highest health risk to people who regularly eat the eggs, with average consumption rates leading to target hazard quotients (THQ) of up to 0.35 ± 0.15. Our conclusions indicate that current turtle egg consumption in isolated, coastal Pacific communities may pose a health concern for young children, and that youth and young adults should limit their consumption of turtle eggs to reduce their total intake of nonessential metals.     

Inactivation of Ascaris eggs in soil by microwave treatment compared to UV and ozone treatment

This study reports on the effect of microwave radiation for inactivation of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs in 25 g of soil compared to ultraviolet irradiation and ozone expose. Microwave radiation at 700 W with 14% water content (w/w) achieved approximately 2.5 log inactivation of eggs in soil within 60 s. On the other hand, UV irradiation at 3 mW cm⁻² with and without shaking soil for 3600 s achieved approximately 0.32 and 0.01 log inactivation of eggs, respectively. In ozone treatment, 0.13 log inactivation of eggs was achieved with 5.8 ± 0.7 mg L⁻¹ of dissolved ozone dose for 30 min in a continuous diffusion reactor. In addition, the inactivation of eggs by three disinfection techniques was conducted in water in order to compare the inactivation efficiency of eggs in soil. The inactivation efficiency of microwave radiation was found to be no significant difference between in soil and water. However, the inactivation efficiency of UV irradiation was significantly increased in water while in ozone expose there was no significant difference between in soil and water. Microwave treatment thus proved to be the most efficient method in controlling A. lumbricoides eggs in soil.     

长江干流不同江段鱼卵及仔鱼漂流特征昼夜变化的初步分析

根据2007~2009年在长江干流的泸州、珞璜、宜都、武穴4个江段分别采集的数据，对这些江段鱼卵及仔鱼漂流特征的昼夜变化规律进行初步分析。结果显示，长江上游泸州江段和珞璜江段鱼卵及仔鱼昼夜漂流密度有一定差异，但不显著；长江中游宜都江段，鱼卵漂流密度在昼夜时间上有显著性差异（〖WTBX〗n=38，p〖WTBZ〗=000），表现为6〖DK〗∶00的平均漂流密度13.02 ind./100 m3明显大于18〖DK〗∶00的密度3.28 ind./100 m3，仔鱼夜间漂流密度明显大于白天，于22〖DK〗∶00达到高峰值；武穴江段仔鱼漂流密度在昼夜时间上有显著性差异（〖WTBX〗n=62，p〖WTBZ〗=000），8〖DK〗∶00的平均漂流密8621 ind./100 m3明显大于18〖DK〗∶00的密度4485 ind./100 m3。不同物种的鱼卵及仔鱼漂流密度亦呈现出一定的昼夜差异，宜都江段贝氏〖FK（W*5/5。1〗〖PS黎明政造字2.EPS；%84%84,BP〗〖FK)〗，草鱼和银鲴鱼卵主要分布在白天，鳙、鲢等种类分布在夜间；另外，鳙、银鮈、铜鱼和翘嘴鲌等多数种类的仔鱼仅在夜间有分布，而飘鱼属的种类主要分布在白天。通过采集到鱼卵发育期推算，四大家鱼、贝氏〖FK（W*5/5。1〗〖PS黎明政造字2.EPS；%84%84,BP〗〖FK)〗、银鲴和翘嘴鲌的繁殖时间主要集中在夜间，而花斑副沙鳅和鳊全天均有繁殖     

AOX漂白废水对黑鲷鱼卵及仔鱼的毒性效应

用含AOX的造纸漂白废水对人工养殖的黑鲷鱼卵和早期仔鱼进行了毒性实验.结果表明:对于AOX漂白废水的毒性,黑鲷鱼卵胚胎阶段比早期仔鱼阶段更为敏感.高浓度的AOX漂白废水对鱼卵孵化产生一定的抑制作用,对仔鱼产生尾部畸形和致死现象,鱼卵孵化的EC50和95%置信区间分别为0.018和0～0.087 mL/mL;仔鱼72 h LC50和96h LC50分别为0.557和0.774 mL/mL,72 h的LOEC和NOEC分别为0.032和0.001 mL/mL,96 h的LOEC和NOEC分别为0.003和0.001 mL/mL.表明仔鱼对AOX漂白废水的毒性敏感性随着时间的推移而逐渐减弱.      

Eggs of cabbage root fly stimulate conspecific oviposition: Evaluation of the activity and determination of an egg-associated compound

Summary. Previous studies indicated the presence of antennally-active compounds in extracts of eggs laid by female cabbage root flies, Delia radicum, that stimulated oviposition by conspecific females. We confirmed that previously laid D. radicum eggs stimulated oviposition by other D. radicum females, in a dose-dependent manner. Methanol extracts of conspecific eggs stimulated oviposition by females D. radicum, whereas egg extracts of D. antiqua and Psila rosae had no effect. Electrophysiological recordings from the tarsal sensilla of D. radicum females indicated that neurones of the C₅ sensillum responded to the egg extracts from both D. radicum and D. antiqua, but not P. rosae. Chemical analysis revealed that the extract of eggs from D. radicum contained the thia-triaza-fluorene compound, 1,2-dihydro-3-thia-4,10,10b-triaza-cyclopenta[.a.]fluorene-1-carboxylic acid (CIF-1), an oviposition stimulant found previously only in cruciferous plants. Another potentially active component has yet to be identified.     

生物卵化石研究进展简述

卵生是动物界最普遍的繁殖方式,卵的孵化对繁殖季节突发的气候变化响应敏感,孵化成败又与生物种群数量变动和群落演替密切相关,因此卵化石具有重要的古生物学、古气候学、古生态学研究价值。但由于卵生动物种类十分丰富,卵形态特征多样,研究领域广泛,有必要总结梳理卵化石的研究进展。本文通过对主要卵生动物类群卵的形态特征,以及卵化石在古生物学、古气候学、古生态学方面研究进展的回顾,发现卵化石的研究主要集中在脊椎动物类群,为脊椎动物演化提供了重要证据,但是由于脊椎动物卵化石通常难以建立连续的长序列记录,其古生态学和古气候学研究极为不足。然而,无脊椎动物卵化石由于数量丰富,具有统计意义,其在古生态学、古气候学研究领域具有重要意义,但是其在古生物学,包括种属鉴定等方面的研究需要加强。在无脊椎动物中,蜗牛及其卵化石在黄土-古土壤地层中保存丰富且地层分布连续,最有可能建立卵化石的长序列。通过现代过程研究,明确蜗牛卵的气候指示意义,建立第四纪蜗牛卵化石长序列,发挥蜗牛卵化石的古气候学和古生态学研究价值,是亟需开展的研究工作。     

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SALMONID SPAWNING HABITAT1

ABSTRACT: A simulation model [Salmonid Spawning Analysis Model (SSAM)] was developed as a management tool to evaluate the relative impacts of stream sediment load and water temperature on salmonid egg survival. The model is useful for estimating acceptable sediment loads to spawning habitat that may result from upland development, such as logging and agriculture. Software in common use in the USA were adapted for use in gravel bedded rivers and linked to simulate water temperature (the USFWS Instream Water Temperature, SNTEMP model) and water and sediment routing (the USAE Scour and Deposition in Rivers and Reservoirs, HEC-6 model, version 3.2). These models drive the redd (spawning nest) model (the USDA-ABS Sediment Intrusion Dissolved Oxygen SIDO model) which simulates sediment intrusion and dissolved oxygen concentration in the redd environment. The SSAM model predictions of dissolved oxygen and water temperature compared favorably with field data from artificial redds containing hatchery chinook salmon eggs.     

崇明岛小白鹭鸟卵中有机磷阻燃剂污染特征

鸟卵可用于环境质量的生物监测.从崇明岛东部若干林地采集小白鹭(Egretta garzetta)卵样品10个,用液相色谱-串联质谱联用仪(LC-MS/MS)测定了样品中10种常见有机磷阻燃剂(OPFRs)的含量,分析了其分布特征和来源.结果表明,除三辛基磷酸酯(TEHP)和三氯乙基磷酸酯(TCEP)外,其余8种OPFRs在小白鹭卵中均有检出,OPFRs的总含量为49.5～142.8 ng·g~(-1)(以湿重计,下同),均值为78.6 ng·g~(-1);其中,三丁基磷酸酯(TNBP)、三异丁基磷酸酯(TIBP)和三邻甲苯磷酸酯(TMPP)含量较为丰富,分别为(26.3±10.1)、(20.9±9.44)和(19.0±15.6) ng·g~(-1).不同鸟卵中OPFRs的赋存特征差异较大,主要受其环境含量水平、生物积累和放大能力及代谢能力的影响.崇明小白鹭卵样品中存在具有胚胎发育毒性的TMPP、三(1-氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯(TCIPP)、三丁氧基乙基磷酸酯(TBOEP)等,可能对其繁殖具有潜在影响,值得关注.     

Distorting Gene Pools by Conservation: Assessing the Case of Doomed Turtle Eggs

Sea turtles have a high reproductive output and high mortality at early stages of the life cycle. In particular, many nests are laid below or close to high tide lines, and subsequently large numbers of eggs may be inundated and destroyed. A common conservation procedure is to relocate such doomed eggs to higher ground. This article examines this practice in the light of recent data revealing that some individual turtles tend to nest relatively near the water and others relatively higher up the beach. Discussion is focused on the question of why apparently poor placement of nests has not been selected against. Comparison between the ecology of leatherback and hawksbill turtle nesting beaches suggests that predictability of environmental conditions on the nesting beaches has an important influence on patterns of nest-site selection. Options are outlined for the management of nesting beaches where a high proportion of turtle eggs is subject to destruction by flooding. An erratum to this article is available at.