中国污染场地修复的研究进展 、 问题与展望

随着城市化和产业转移进程的加快,我国城镇工业企业搬迁或遗留的污染场地数量与日俱增,亟须开展污染场地治理与修复工作,以保障人居环境安全、国民健康和社会稳定。综述了我国污染场地及其产生、状态和风险,污染场地管理、修复技术及工程实践进展,污染场地管理和修复的主要问题,场地污染防治与修复政策、技术和融资机制需求,旨在推进污染场地环境管理与修复产业化发展。  

基于人体健康风险评估的冶炼行业污染场地风险管理与决策流程

简述了冶炼行业污染场地风险管理和风险评估流程。在借鉴国内外相关经验和教训的基础上,结合我国冶炼行业的特点,提出了基于层次性人体健康风险评估的冶炼行业污染场地风险管理与决策框架体系,利用该框架体系,通过层次性风险评估,可以筛选风险大的场地进行重点监管,并采取有针对性的措施防治污染扩散及消除对人体和生态环境的风险,从而经济有效地实现对冶炼行业污染场地的监管。  

化工企业拆迁场地健康风险评价

随着城市的发展，越来越多的工业企业逐步搬迁出主城区，遗留下的场地将会用作商业或居住用地，对这些拆迁场地如不加强环境管理，可能会对公众健康造成危害。以化工企业拆迁场地为例，按照危害识别、暴露评估、毒性评估、风险表征4个步骤，介绍了健康风险评价的一般方法，着重介绍了“危害识别”步骤中对于化工企业拆迁场地环境调查方面的方法与注意事项。最后指出了我国在污染场地健康风险评价方面的不足，并提出了相应的建议。  

应用斑马鱼和凡纳对虾诊断污染场地污水的生物毒性

应用斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)和凡纳对虾(Penaeus vannamei)对某废弃有机污染场地中有毒有机废弃物堆积产生的污水(1号塘污水)和场地及周边地表径流积水(2号塘污水)的生物毒性进行了试验.结果表明,1号塘污水对斑马鱼和凡纳对虾96 hLC50分别为46.2%和59.6%, 2号塘污水的毒性试验中两种试验生物的死亡率皆为0.化学检测表明,1号塘污水中的主要污染物为苯酚类和酞酸脂类物质,而2号塘污水中均未检出有机污染物.化学检测结果与毒性试验结果具有较好的相关性.  

某化工厂致癌有机污染物分层健康风险评估

以某化工厂污染场地为例,根据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》(HJ 25.3-2014),运用HERA风险评估软件,将污染场地分为4层分别进行人体健康风险评估,结果表明:该场地存在高致癌风险,需要修复后才能开发再利用;关注污染物氯仿、苯,在地下0 m~3 m的风险控制值分别为0.07 mg/kg、0.83 mg/kg,在地下3 m~5 m的风险控制值分别为0.15 mg/kg、1.91 mg/kg,在地下5 m~9 m的风险控制值分别为0.40 mg/kg、5.05 mg/kg,在地下9 m~18 m的风险控制值分别为0.73 mg/kg、7.82 mg/kg。与以往计算单一的风险控制相比,分层计算污染物的风险控制值能有效减少治理土方量,降低治理成本。  

制订我国污染场地土壤风险筛选值的几点建议

近年来,我国大中城市陆续开展污染企业搬迁,环境管理上要求对搬迁场地进行商业开发前必须开展场地环境调查、风险评估和修复,客观上要求有一套场地环境评价标准和污染土壤修复标准。针对目前国内污染场地标准缺失及盲目引用国外相关筛选值出现的误区,分析了美国、荷兰和英国土壤筛选值差异的主要原因,为合理借鉴国外土壤筛选值及其制定方法学提供指导,并为我国场地土壤风险筛选值的制定提供参考。  

化工厂场地酸化土壤工程化中和修复案例研究

对江苏某化工厂酸化地块进行了氧化钙中和修复工程研究。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号地块剖面混合土样pH值分别为3.56、4.68和4.74,土壤修复目标定在pH值为6~8基本近中性。通过室内试验确定Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号地块土壤生石灰掺混比例为0.5%、0.3%和0.3%;现场中试后Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号地块石灰掺混比例调整为0.7%、0.35%和0.3%;中试结果用于场地机械搅拌工程修复,修复过程中定期随机采样对中和效果进行连续监测。监测结果基本达标后请第三方对修复效果进行评估,最后土壤回填压实。修复结果表明借助于科学的石灰添加量和工程机械混合措施,能快速有效地修复酸化地块土壤。  

面向污染场地的环境修复功能材料

在回顾环境功能材料研究进展的基础上,将材料按功效分为固化/稳定化材料、氧化还原剂类材料以及催化剂类材料,重点对固化/稳定化材料进行了介绍。根据环境材料科学的发展前沿提出了污染场地环境修复功能材料的发展趋势,并总结了功能材料开发与应用中的一些问题。  

A GIS-based approach for the long-term prediction of human health risks at contaminated sites

A Health Index/Risk Evaluation Tool (HIRET) has been developed for the integration of risk assessment and spatial planning using GIS capabilities. The method is meant to assist decision makers and site owners in the evaluation of potential human health risk with respect to land use. Human health risk defined as the potential adverse effects on human life or health is generally accepted as the most important aspect for site assessment and planning of remediation strategies. It concerns polluted sites that endanger human health on one hand and derelict land that does not cause the immediate risk on the other hand. In current state-of-the-art risk-assessment, long-term spatial and temporal changes of risks, in relation to changes in contamination patterns and land use functions, are not taken into account. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the methodology developed for human health risk assessment in aspect of spatial and temporal domain. HIRET was developed as an extension for ESRI software ArcView 3.2 and allows performing dynamic human health risk assessment in long-term period, which is relevant for land use planning. The paper illustrates how such methodology can assist in environmental decision-making to enhance the efficiency of contaminated land management. A case study of contaminated site is given showing how data can be used within a GIS framework to produce maps indicating areas of potential human health risk.  

Health Survey Among People Living Near an Abandoned Mine. A Case Study: Jales Mine, Portugal

Campo de Jales is a village surrounding the abandoned Jales mine. The area is heavily contaminated with heavy metals and dusts from large tailings piles as result of centuries of mining operations. The aim of this study is to investigate potential health threats associated with site contamination. The population studied comprised two groups: people living in Campo de Jales (n = 229) and a control group – people living in Vilar de Macada (n = 234). Lead and cadmium exposure and symptoms survey were carried out.The results showed a significant higher levels of blood lead and cadmium between the Campo de Jales residents (lead: 9.5 microgr/dl versus 7.7 microgr/dl; cadmium: 0.84 microgr/dl versus 0,65 microgr/dl) as well as to a higher prevalence of respiratory and irritation symptoms and great concern about his own health.In conclusion: community is the scene of long-term health problems resulting from the site environmental contamination.