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Ge Sun Changqing Zuo Shiyu Liu Mingliang Liu Steven G. McNulty James M. Vose 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(5):1164-1175
Abstract: Natural forests in southern China have been severely logged due to high human demand for timber, food, and fuels during the past century, but are recovering in the past decade. The objective of this study was to investigate how vegetation cover changes in composition and structure affected the water budgets of a 9.6‐km2 Dakeng watershed located in a humid subtropical mountainous region in southern China. We analyzed 27 years (i.e., 1967‐1993) of streamflow and climate data and associated vegetation cover change in the watershed. Land use/land cover census and Normalized Difference of Vegetation Index (NDVI) data derived from remote sensing were used to construct historic land cover change patterns. We found that over the period of record, annual streamflow (Q) and runoff/precipitation ratio did not change significantly, nor did the climatic variables, including air temperature, Hamon’s potential evapotranspiration (ET), pan evaporation, sunshine hours, and radiation. However, annual ET estimated as the differences between P and Q showed a statistically significant increasing trend. Overall, the NDVI of the watershed had a significant increasing trend in the peak spring growing season. This study concluded that watershed ecosystem ET increased as the vegetation cover shifted from low stock forests to shrub and grasslands that had higher ET rates. A conceptual model was developed for the study watershed to describe the vegetation cover‐streamflow relationships during a 50‐year time frame. This paper highlighted the importance of eco‐physiologically based studies in understanding transitory, nonstationary effects of deforestation or forestation on watershed water balances. 相似文献
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文化差异会使得跨文化交际产生困难、误解和矛盾.对文化差异必要的了解在成功地进行跨文化交际中起到重要的作用.本文归纳分析了文化差异在语言使用中的表现及造成误解和误译的原因,提出了进行跨文化交际应具备的基础. 相似文献
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Use of Descriptors of Ecosystem Functioning for Monitoring a National Park Network: A Remote Sensing Approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Baseline assessments and monitoring of protected areas are essential for making management decisions, evaluating the effectiveness
of management practices, and tracking the effects of global changes. For these purposes, the analysis of functional attributes
of ecosystems (i.e., different aspects of the exchange of matter and energy) has advantages over the traditional use of structural
attributes, like a quicker response to disturbances and the fact that they are easily monitored through remote sensing. In
this study, we described the spatiotemporal patterns of different aspects of the ecosystem functioning of the Spanish national
parks and their response to environmental changes between 1982 and 2006. To do so, we used the NOAA/AVHRR-GIMMS dataset of
the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), a linear estimator of the fraction of photosynthetic active radiation intercepted
by vegetation, which is the main control of carbon gains. Nearly all parks have significantly changed during the last 25 years:
The radiation interception has increased, the contrast between the growing and nongrowing seasons has diminished, and the
dates of maximum and minimum interception have advanced. Some parks concentrated more changes than others and the degree of
change varied depending on their different environmental conditions, management, and conservation histories. Our approach
identified reference conditions and temporal changes for different aspects of ecosystem functioning, which can be used for
management purposes of protected areas in response to global changes. 相似文献
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A general model is developed to examine the patterns of the regional movement of tagged and released fish from mark-recapture
experiments. It is a stochastic model that incorporates fishing mortality, natural mortality, fish movement, tag-shedding,
and different rates of reporting. A likelihood function is constructed for estimating its parameters. We used this model to
analyze data on the Pacific halibut from mark-recapture experiments conducted by the International Pacific Halibut Commission
(IPHC), with a total of 36,058 releases from 1982 to 1986 and 5,826 recoveries from 1982 to 2000. We estimated their rates
of movement among IPHC management areas, along with their instantaneous rates of natural and fishing mortalities. Our analysis
revealed that fish movement was not significant among areas, with a resident probability of > 0.92. This lends support to
the IPHC catch-at-age stock assessment model (which has no built-in movement components). The estimated instantaneous rate
of natural mortality (0.198 year−1) lies between that assumed in all IPHC stock assessments before 1998 (0.20 year−1) and that from 1999 onwards (0.15 year−1). The estimates of the instantaneous rates of fishing mortality were consistent with those from the IPHC stock assessment
model.
Received: April 2003 / Revised: May 2005 相似文献
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为促进地面高光谱遥感在草地估产方面的应用,采用美国ASD公司生产的Fieldspec3光谱仪,于2009年7月下旬在呼伦贝尔典型草原区进行了高光谱遥感地面观测试验.运用单变量线性、非线性和逐步回归分析方法,建立植物生长旺季归一化植被指数(NDVI)与地上干物质量(ANPP)间的地面光谱模型.结果表明,基于判定系数(R2)判断,线性函数和指数函数拟合较理想,R2分别达到0.7295和0.7203.误差分析表明,标准误差(SE)最大的是对数函数,其SE为24.82gm2;最小的是幂函数,其SE为22.63gm2.平均误差系数(MEC)最大的是对数函数,其MEC为0.2497;指数函数最小,其MEC为0.1932.综合分析后,选用一元线性回归方程作为呼伦贝尔典型草原区的植物生长旺季最优地面光谱模型:ANPP=406.08NDVI-101.64,其R2为0.7295,SE为23.61gm2,MEC为0.2209,P0.001. 相似文献
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The effect of drainage and outburst elimination are obviously different between soft and hard coal sub-layers under per-drainage of coal seam, and hence, the location of per-drainage borehole related to the soft sub-layer is the key that determines whether the outburst can be eliminated in whole coal seam. This paper discusses the differences between soft and hard coal from fields of pore radius distribution, pore structure, surface area and permeability, and the per-drainage effect was numerical simulated under different distance between per-drainage hole and soft sub-layer. Moreover, the optimum hole arrangement of outburst elimination is given in the paper. The result of research shows that the macro-pore with aperture that is larger than 50,000 nm, is dominant at about 50% in hard coal, correspondingly, the micro-pore with aperture less than 100 nm accounts for about 41.23% in soft coal. The surface area of soft coal is 1.6 times as that of hard coal. The residual gas content in soft coal sub-layer is obviously more than it in hard coal sub-layer under the same pre-drainage condition. To 5.5 m-thick coal seams which top is a soft coal sub-layer of 0.5 m-thick, pre-drainage gas can eliminate danger of gas outburst in whole coal seam at the seam time after 455 days drainage when the per-drainage holes are 1.0 m distances from the soft coal sub-layer. 相似文献
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长江上游生态建设工程与植被覆盖时空变化的响应特征研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
"退耕还林"、"天然林保护"等重大生态建设工程在长江上游实施已有十余年,剖析重大生态建设工程实施以来长江上游植被覆盖时空变化特征与生态建设投入间的响应关系,对区内未来生态建设的布局具有重要指导意义。以年际时间序列的SPOT-VEGETATION NDVI遥感数据为基础,利用遥感及地理信息系统技术,趋势拟合等方法,研究长江上游地区2002年至2013年植被覆盖时空动态变化特征。并以县级行政区为单元,分析长江上游植被覆盖时空变化与生态建设工程投入的响应关系。结果表明:研究区内植被指数NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)整体呈现缓慢增加趋势,年均增长率为1.06%,主要体现为中等植被覆盖向高植被覆盖转化;植被覆盖增加区域远远大于植被覆盖减少区域,其中增加的区域占整个长江上游流域的86.02%,主要分布于秦巴山地以北、云贵高原以及横断山区中小起伏的山地;植被覆盖减少区域占6.09%,主要分布于汶川地震灾区以及成都,重庆、昆明等大型城市群及其周边。其次,近10 a生态建设重大工程投资对长江上游植被覆盖增长起促进作用,在研究区内有261个县级行政区具有较好的造林效率,达县级行政区总数的90%,集中分布于云贵、川陕交界处及西部高山、高原区。 相似文献