Brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk from several locations in India: potential contaminant sources in a municipal dumping site

This study investigated the status of contamination of organohalogen compounds (OCs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and brominated flame retardant (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in human milk samples from several locations in India. The levels of OCs were significantly higher in the milk of mothers living in and near municipal dumping site than other locations indicating that the open dumping sites for municipal wastes act as potential sources of these contaminants in India. The PCB concentrations observed in this study tended to decrease compared to those in the matched locations reported previously, probably due to the restriction of technical PCB usage in India. PBDE levels in human milk were two to three folds lower than those of PCBs in all the sampling locations investigated. Congener profiles of PCBs and PBDEs were different between samples from the dumping site mothers and general populations in other areas suggesting the presence of region-specific sources and pathways. HBCDs were detected in human milk from only two sites, with much lower concentrations and detection frequencies compared to PCBs and PBDEs. When hazard quotients (HQs) of PCBs and PBDEs were estimated for infant health risk, the HQs in some milk samples from the dumping site exceeded the threshold value (HQ > 1) of PCBs, indicating the potential risk for infants in the specific site.     

三峡库区垃圾堆放场稳定化程度的模糊综合判别

从宏观和微观两个方面建立了垃圾堆放场稳定化程度的判别指标，即表观指标，垃圾堆龄，最大理论产气量，有机质含量和浸出液COD等，并且确定评价标准，稳定化程度分级体系采用稳定，基本稳定，较稳定和稳定4级，运用模糊数学的理论方法，综合判定三峡库区万州和尚桥垃圾堆放场的稳定化状态。     

Environmental impact assessment (EIA): Equilibrium fugacity calculations and worst case approach

A mathematical model UNITRISK which can be used for screening purposes and risk ranking was set up to calculate relative risk values of single chemicals and mixtures of chemicals towards single or mixtures of organisms via contamination of air, water, soil and food dose. The concentration values are calculated by applying the fugacity concept or a dose must be defined. The dose-response is assumed to be linear versus concentration and degradative processes are not considered which is the worst case. The assumption that equilibria between the environmental phases exist is simplifying the model and is also representing the worst case. A mean risk factor is calculated which is 1 if the endpoint values (LC₅₀, LD₅₀, ADI, etc.) are exceeded for the investigated organisms and man.     

哈尔滨垃圾堆场内渗滤液的降解行为模拟试验研究

通过对哈尔滨城市生活垃圾的堆放方式进行模拟试验,研究了垃圾堆场内渗滤液的降解行为,并预测出哈尔滨以及在寒冷气候条件下的东北地区渗滤液COD、BOD5和NH3-N浓度达到稳定化至少需要11年.     

城市生活垃圾简易堆放场稳定化周期的研究

分析了重庆市三峡库区城市垃圾简易堆放场稳定化过程的影响因素，确定有机质含量，浸出液COD，垃圾组分和垃圾产量为垃圾场稳定化程度的判别指标，并且建立稳定化评价标准，通过垃圾采样和实验研究，并进行归类统计分析，得出城市生活垃圾简易堆放场的稳定化周期。     

Control Criteria and Activities in Dumping Management in Italy

In Italy, two different types of wastes can be dumped in the seas: industrial wastes and dredged material. There are no cases of sludges from urban treatment plants being discharged into the sea.

The sea dumping of harbour dredging sludges is a long standing practice, while the disposal of industrial wastes dates back to 1965.

Two specific laws regulate these two activities, although they do not establish quality standards for the receiving sea environment. Careful evaluation must be made, case by case, of possible effects of discharge with regard to physico-chemical characteristics of materials, to general oceanological characteristics of the dumpsite and to the uses to which such a dumpsite is designated.

The analysis of different cases of industrial waste dumping, carried out at the pre-operational level and during discharge, revealed some potential for negative long-term effects on the sea environment. This, as well as the increasing public sensitivity to environmental problems, led the management agencies in Italy to take several measures aimed to stop all forms of sea dumping of industrial wastes and to revise the general criteria in issuing permits for the discharge of dredged material.     

武汉市郭茨口垃圾场环境污染调查及评价

本文在采样分析的基础上,对武汉市郭茨口垃圾堆放场进行环境评价,查明了垃圾场对环境的污染主要是渗沥水污染。     

倾倒和填埋工业固废类事件遗留地块污染状况调查方法的研究

近年来江苏省非法倾倒、填埋工业固体废物事件仍处于高发态势。此类事件遗留地块环境隐患突出，污染调查难度大，要求高。简述了国内外关于该类型遗留地块污染调查的相关标准，调研了江苏省30个倾倒、填埋工业固废类事件遗留地块案例，总结了该类型地块污染调查面临的重点难点问题以及相关调查技术的应用，并分析了污染源探查和综合生物毒性辅助判别应用2个典型案例。提出了关于调查指南的建议，包括工作程序、调查范围、信息收集、现场踏勘等方面。以期为后续该类型地块污染问题处理处置提供科学支撑。