集合数值预报系统在上海市空气质量预测预报中的应用研究

介绍了上海市世博环境空气质量集合数值预报系统的框架，分析了各模式在上海市空气质量预报及排放源污染贡献测算中的应用情况，提出开发多种预报手段、实施集合预报是提高城市空气质量预报准确率的发展方向。  

微波消解ICP-AES法测定土壤及底泥等中常量及微量元素

建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定土壤及底泥等中的铜、铅等多元素方法,采用水平及垂直双向观测,提高了分析灵敏度。对ICP工作参数选择、酸度对测定的影响、元素分析线选择、元素间光谱干扰校正系数的确定以及背景扣除方式等进行了研究。该方法线性范围宽，精密度及准确度较好，检出限低，多元素同时分析，分析速度快，操作简便。用于实际样品的测定，结果满意。  

杭州市大气污染物排放清单及特征

以杭州市区为研究区域,通过调查整合多套污染源数据库及其他统计资料,研究文献报道及模型计算的各种污染源排放因子,获得杭州市区各行业PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NOx、CO、VOCs、NH3等污染物的排放量,建立了杭州市区2010年1 km×1 km大气污染物排放清单。结果表明,2010年杭州市区PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NOx、CO、VOCs和NH3的排放总量分别为7.96×104、4.02×104、7.23×104、8.98×104、73.90×104、39.56×104、3.32×104t。从排放源的行业分布来看,机动车尾气排放是杭州市区大气污染物最重要排放源之一,对PM10、PM2.5、NOx、CO和VOCs的贡献分别达到14.4%、27.1%、40.3%、21.4%、31.1%。道路扬尘、电厂锅炉、工业炉窑、植被、畜禽养殖对不同污染物分别有着重要贡献,道路扬尘对PM10和PM2.5的贡献分别为44.6%和20.0%、电厂锅炉对SO2和NOx的贡献分别为37.0%和25.7%、工业炉窑对CO的贡献为41.5%、植被排放对VOCs的贡献为27.1%、畜禽养殖对NH3的贡献为76.5%。从空间分布来看,萧山区和余杭区对SO2、NH3和植被排放BVOC的贡献要显著高于主城区;而主城区机动车对PM2.5、NOx和VOCs的贡献分别达到36.3%、56.0%和47.4%,较市区范围内显著增加,表明机动车尾气排放已成为杭州主城区大气污染最重要的来源之一。  

珠江三角洲制鞋行业挥发性有机化合物排放系数研究

采用工艺调查与现场监测相结合的方法,以物料衡算法为依据,通过现场监测结果进行验证,研究了制鞋行业挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)排放系数。结果表明,水性胶粘剂使用企业的VOCs排放系数为(5.25±2.67)g/双,油性胶粘剂使用企业的VOCs排放系数为(30.11±10.60)g/双,根据不同类型胶水在制鞋行业中所占的权重,可得到反映地方特色的制鞋行业VOCs排放系数。  

青岛市港口船舶大气污染排放清单的建立及应用

2002~2006年青岛市环保局与瑞典国际开发合作署合作开发了青岛市空气环境质量管理系统,建立青岛市海上交通源大气污染排放清单是其中的一项子专题,范围涉及青岛沿岸分布的港口,重点考虑船舶停泊港口及航线过程的大气污染物排放,划分了20条航线。建立的青岛市海上交通源大气污染排放清单在开发的基于GIS地理信息系统EnviMan复合源大气扩散模型中得到较好应用,实现了对沿海主要大气污染物排放量的空间模拟测算,解析出大气污染排放清单建立年度青岛市港口、航运排放的大气污染物对市区环境空气中的SO₂、NO_X浓度贡献分别约占8.0%、12.9%。  

Air pollution in Athens basin and health risk assessment

An inventory of air pollution sources within the Athens basin is carried out for the years 1989, 1992 and 1998 and the results areinputted in a climatological model for predicting ambient concentrations. Despite of the significant growth in the numberof road vehicles and the deteriorating traffic, the emissions andambient concentrations of fine particulates, CO, NO_x and VOCappear to remain reasonably constant over for the period 1989 to 1998, while these of SO₂ and Pb are reduced, mainly due to the renewal of vehicle fleet, the use of catalytic technologies and the improved quality of the used fuel. The results further indicate that for CO, NO_x and VOC the major source is road traffic, while for PM_2.5 and SO₂ both space heating andtraffic share responsibility. The air pollutant concentrations monitored by the network of 11 stations are reviewed and statistics related to air quality guidelines are presented. As fine particulate levels are not monitored, approximate PM_2.5and PM₁₀ concentrations are derived from black smoke ones on basis of experimentally determined conversion factors. The computed and monitored air pollution levels are compared and found in reasonable agreement. The results of the above analysisshow that the levels of all `classical' pollutants, with the exception of SO₂ and Pb, exceed significantly the WHO guidelines and are thus expected to exert a significant healthimpact. The latter could be quantified in relation to the PM_2.5 or PM₁₀ levels on the basis of risk assessment information developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The results show that the existing levels of fine particle concentrations in Athens increase significantly the mortality and morbidity, and reduce the average longevity of the entirepopulation from 1.3 to 1.7 years.  

全国火电厂二氧化硫污染现状及其控制对策

火电行业飞速发展的同时引发了二氧化硫的大量排放。文章在总结全国火电厂二氧化硫排放现状的基础上提出,火电厂二氧化硫是全国二氧化硫排放大户,其排放量占全国工业二氧化硫排放量的42%,且有逐年递增的趋势,而其去除率却一直保持一个较低的水平;大型火电厂又是电厂中二氧化硫的排放大户,且主要集中在广东、江苏、河北、山东、河南等几个省,这几个省应成为火电厂二氧化硫排放的重点监控对象。文章最后提出了电厂减排二氧化硫的几点对策和建议。  

长三角区域环境空气质量预测预警体系建设的思考

世博会期间长三角区域空气质量自动监测网络和数据共享平台的成功搭建和有效运行,为探索长三角区域空气质量预测预警长期合作模式提供了宝贵的经验和启示。需要建立全方位区域空气质量监测网络和数据资源共享系统、源排放清单、开发区域多模式集合预报系统,构建区域多层面运作机制和会商制度,建设一批专业技术和复合型人才队伍。区域不同层面有效的管理体制机制的保障是区域环境空气质量预测预警体系的基础支撑。  

New Metal Emission Patterns in Road Traffic Environments

The increased awareness of traffic as a major diffuse metal emission source emphasizes the need for more detailed information on the various traffic-related sources and how and where the metals are dispersed. In this study, metal emission patterns in the road traffic environment were examined from the perspective of different surrounding factors, e.g. the importance of intersections, deceleration, vehicle speed and traffic density. A total of 148 topsoil samples from 18 south Swedish roads were analysed (using GFAAS) for traffic-emitted metals, i.e. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn. The roadside topsoil metal concentrations were used to examine correlations between metals and surrounding factors. The studied metals were divided into three groups corresponding to different emission sources: metals from decelerating activities (Cu, Sb and Zn), metals as historical residues from the combustion of petrol (Pb and Cd), and non-source-specific metals (Cr and Ni). It was found that Cu and Sb, despite their rather short history as traffic-emitted metals, have increased more than eightfold in roadside soils compared to background levels. The major source of road traffic related Cu and Sb is brake linings. The significant increase of Cu and Sb in roadside topsoil stresses the need for metal transport studies as well as effect studies of these metals. Metals emitted due to decelerating activities were not correlated to elevated concentrations near road junctions. Emission patterns of traffic-related metals alongside roads are crucial in order to be able to evaluate the optimal localization of storm water treatment ponds.  

不同类型机动车尾气挥发性有机化合物排放特征研究

机动车尾气主要成分包括一氧化碳、氮氧化物、碳氢化合物、铅及苯并[a]芘等.其中,挥发性有机化合物由于其对光化学烟雾的贡献及对人体健康的影响而成为近年来大气化学研究的热点.文章首次对北京市9种车辆、5种燃料在不同工况下排放挥发性有机化合物特征进行了定量研究.结果表明,车型、燃料、净化器及工况等因素对排放量产生影响,电喷车比化油器车排放低,其中,夏利比富康与奥迪排放量高;LPG与汽油车排放量最高,柴油车与CNG车排放最低.其中,-10#柴油车比0#柴油车排放更低;使用净化器可以降低挥发性有机化合物排放量;不同工况对排放量的影响随车型、燃料类型的不同而不同.因此,使用清洁燃料、安装净化器和使用电喷装置,可减少尾气中挥发性有机化合物含量.