河北省不同盐渍化土壤类型的微生物多样性与种群结构

为了探索盐渍化土壤中微生物多样性及群落构成，有效筛选盐渍土壤中耐盐微生物菌群.采用高通量测序技术对采集的河北省滨海盐渍土（原生盐渍化）、设施盐渍土（次生盐渍化）和高产粮田（健康土壤）3个生境的耕层土壤样本细菌和真菌多样性、群落结构、网络关系及其影响因子进行测定.结果表明，与大田土壤相比，设施土壤中OM、AP、AK、TS和EC显著升高，滨海盐渍土壤的TS和EC显著升高，其他养分指标则显著降低.细菌α多样性依次为：设施盐渍土>高产粮田>滨海盐渍土，真菌α多样性则为高产粮田显著高于设施盐渍土和滨海盐渍土.在门和属水平上分析盐渍化土壤的菌群结构，细菌群落中绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）及其菌属和真菌群落中子囊菌门（Ascomycota）及其中有益菌Trichocladium和病原菌Fusarium为盐渍化土壤中的优势微生物类群.土壤EC和TS两个盐分因子是对细菌和真菌菌群分布贡献最大的因子，与绿弯菌门中unclassified_A4b和unclassified_Chloroflexi以及变形菌门中unclassified_α-Proteobacteria等细菌菌属和子囊菌门中Trichocladium、unclassified_Chaetomiaceae、Crassicarpon、Cephaliophora和Sodiomyces等真菌菌属呈显著正相关.研究结果为盐渍化土壤修复所需的微生物资源筛选提供了理论依据.     

建筑安全风险因素分级排序的风险矩阵法

为减少风险分级排序时产生的风险结,在引入施工安全事故频率的基础上,采用单元格细化和Borda序值法改进原有的风险矩阵法。改进后的方法使得风险等级数量增加,风险结数量减少。将该方法应用于脚手架工程的风险因素的分级与排序,风险等级分为6级,且实现了12个因素的明确排序。     

Fatal pedestrian crashes on interstates and other freeways in the United States

Introduction: More than 800 pedestrians die annually in crashes on interstates and other freeways in the United States, but few studies have examined their characteristics. Method: Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System on pedestrians fatally injured during 2015–2017 were analyzed. Chi-square tests compared characteristics of pedestrians killed on interstates and other freeways with those that died on other roads, and across crash types among freeway deaths. Land use characteristics of locations where pedestrians were killed while crossing freeways in a large state (California) were identified using Google Earth. Results: A larger proportion of pedestrians killed on freeways died on dark and unlit roads (48% vs. 32%), were male (78% vs. 68%), or were ages 20–44 (55% vs. 32%) compared with pedestrians killed on other roads. Crossing (42%) was the most common crash type among pedestrian deaths on freeways, followed by disabled-vehicle-related crashes (18%). Pedestrians who died while crossing more often had blood alcohol concentrations ≥ 0.08 g/dL (40%) than those in disabled-vehicle-related (22%) or other crashes (34%). Deaths in crossing crashes were more likely than other freeway deaths to occur on urban roads (81%), at speed limits ≤50 mph (13%), or between 18:00 and 23:59 (49%), and 58% of crossing crashes analyzed for land use were located between residential and other (e.g., commercial, recreational) uses. Over a third (37%) of deaths in disabled-vehicle-related crashes occurred at speed limits ≥70 mph. Conclusions: A surprising proportion of pedestrian deaths occur on controlled-access roads not designed for walking. Countermeasures for these crashes need to be implemented to see meaningful reductions in pedestrian fatalities overall. Practical applications: Improving roadway and vehicle lighting, requiring reflective warning devices for marking disabled vehicles, constructing pedestrian overpasses and underpasses in areas frequently crossed, and promoting alternative means of traveling between residential and commercial areas could help.     

Factors contributing to US chemical plant process safety incidents from 2010 to 2020

Process safety incidents can result in injuries, fatalities, environmental impacts, facility damage, downtime & lost production, as well as impacts on a company's and industry's reputation. This study is focused on an analysis of the most commonly reported contributing factors to process safety incidents in the US chemical manufacturing industry. The database for the study contained 79 incidents from 2010 to 2019, partly investigated by the Chemical Safety Board (CSB). To be included in the study, the CSB archive of incident investigations were parsed to include only incidents which occurred at a company classified as 325 in the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), assigned to businesses that participate in chemical manufacturing. For each incident, all of the identified contributing factors were catalogued in the database. From this list of identified contributing factors, it was possible to name the ‘top three’ contributing factors. The top three contributing factors cited for the chemical manufacturing industry were found to be: design; preventive maintenance; and safeguards, controls & layers of protection. The relationship between these top contributing factors and the most common OSHA citations was investigated as well. The investigation and citation history for NAICS 325 companies in the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) citations database was then analysed to assess whether there was any overlap between the top reported contributing factors to process safety events and the top OSHA citations recorded for the industry. A database consisting of the inspection and citation history for the chemical manufacturing industry identified by NAICS code 325 was assembled for inspections occurring between 2010 and 2020 (August). The analysis of the citation history for the chemical manufacturing industry specifically, identified that the list of the top contributing factors to process safety incidents overlapped with the most common OSHA violations. This finding is relevant to industry stakeholders who are considering how to strategically invest resources for achieving maximum benefit – reducing process safety risk and simultaneously improving OSHA citation history.     

Factors associated with driving under the influence of alcohol

Objective: This study examined the risk factors of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) among drivers of specific vehicle categories (DSC). On the basis of this research, the variables related to DUI and involvement in traffic crashes were defined. The analysis was conducted for car drivers, bicyclists, motorcyclists, bus drivers, and truck drivers.

Method: The research sample included drivers involved in traffic crashes on the territory of Serbia in 2016 (60,666). Two types of analyses were conducted in this study. Logistic regression established the correlation between DUI and DSC and the The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (Multi-criteria decision making) method was applied to consider the scoring and explore the potential for the prevalence of DUI on the basis of 2 data sets (DUI and non DUI).

Results: The study results showed that driver error and male drivers were the 2 most significant risk factors for DUI, with the highest scores and potential for prevalence. The nonuse of restraint systems, driver experience, and driver age are the factors with a significant prediction of involvement in an accident and an insignificant prediction of DUI.

Conclusions: Following the development of the logistic prediction models for DUI drivers, testing of the model was conducted for 3 control driver groups: Car, motorcycle, and bicycle. The prediction model with a probability greater than 50% showed that 77% of car drivers were under the influence of alcohol. Similarly, the prediction percentage for motorcyclists and bicyclists amounted to 71 and 67%, respectively. The recommendation of the study is that drivers whose DUI probability is above 50% should be potentially suspected of DUI. The results of this study can help to understand the problem of DUI among specific driver categories and detect DUI drivers, with the aim of creating successful traffic safety policy.     

Before the crash: A systematic analysis of police narratives to determine the prevalence of pre-crash factors in fatality road transport crashes

Abstract

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to identify the prevalence of pre-crash factors that were present in fatal road transport crashes for the deceased and counterpart road user.

Methods: The study is a retrospective population-based case series study of transport-related deaths reported to coroners in Australia from 2013 to 2016. Data was extracted from the National Coronial Information System.

Results: In total, 6,137 fatality crashes occurred during the study period. Police reports were available for 5,523 crashes (89.9%). The most frequently reported pre-crash factors reported behaviour specifically drivers (e.g., driving without a license or while license was disqualified). Presence of intoxicating substances were also reported in the deceased and counterparts. Analyses of toxicology reports are continuing to determine if rates are comparable to level of use in community.

Conclusions: Coronial report provide detailed information that may be pertinent to understanding and potentially preventing crashes. Also emerging from the data is the extent of pre-crash factors that relate to illegal or deviant behavior and whether these are contextual or contributory factors.     

铁山港海草生态区水体自净能力与水、生、化之间的关系

利用2008年1月～11月间对铁山港湾海草生态区进行的4个季节全面调查所获取的数据资料,首次探讨了该生态区水体自净能力与水动力特征及生物、化学因子之间的关系。结果表明:研究海区之所以具有较强的水体自净能力,其一与该海区具有强潮型的往复流水动力特征有关,在水体自净过程中起主导控制作用;其二与海区具有适宜的水温、快速的复氧能力、富足的溶解氧(DO)水平、最适合好氧微生物繁殖生长的环境条件有关,明显偏低的总有机碳(TOC)含量和丰富的总氮(TN)储量是有机物获得快速降解、营养盐获得快速再生、化学净化能力较强的重要体现;其三与生物链作用所体现的生化过程影响有关,DO含量与生物因子多呈显著以上负相关的季节变化特征以及三种形态N与生物因子在不同季节显示的相关性以事实佐证了这一点;而富足的TN储量、显著偏低的溶解无机氮(DIN)含量与繁盛的浮游动植物生物量及丰富的生物多样性同时出现的特征,正是研究海区具有较强生物净化能力的综合体现。与化学净化能力相比,生物净化能力显示出更强的优势,具有海草生态区的水体自净特点。     

长沙市某污水处理厂CASS工艺脱氮除磷效果分析

本课题以长沙市某污水处理厂的实际生产工艺流程为试验现场,全面考察了CASS工艺的工作性能,对CASS工艺处理生活污水进行试验研究,为工艺推广应用提供直接的设计依据。并在已有研究的基础上,重点考察在相同进水条件下,不同工艺对氮磷的处理效果,结果表明,四个CASS池对COD、TN、NH3-N、SS的去除率分别为96.6%、68.1%、84.4%、96.8%,均能达标排放,对TP的去除率为76.3%,超标率为69.3%,针对出水TP不达标的情况,主要讨论了影响除磷的因素并提出了改善措施。     

重庆三峡库区非点源污染评价与影响因子分析

选取重庆三峡库区4个行政建制镇进行非点源污染监测与调查,以COD、TN、TP、Cu、Zn等指标为主要研究内容对库区农村环境进行污染特性分析并且利用等标污染负荷法对其生活污水、生活垃圾、畜禽养殖、水产养殖、化肥流失、农药流失、水土流失等污染源进行非点源污染评价。结果表明:COD、TN、TP、Cu、Zn的平均排放浓度分别为22.15 mg/L、6.37 mg/L、1.49 mg/L、47.73 g/kg、85.24 g/kg,库区主要污染物依次为TN、TP、COD、Cu、Zn等,主要污染源依次是畜禽养殖、化肥流失、生活污水、生活垃圾、农药流失、水土流失、水产养殖等。采用SPSS软件对影响库区环境污染的季节、收入水平、地域、畜禽养殖规模、环境基础设施完善程度等因子进行了分析,结果显示:COD主要影响因子是地域和畜禽养殖规模,TN主要影响因子是季节、地域和畜禽养殖规模,TP主要影响因子是环境基础设施完善程度、畜禽养殖规模和地域,Cu、Zn主要影响因子均是畜禽养殖规模。该研究可为重庆三峡库区生态修复、城乡统筹下的城乡规划及产业布局提供理论基础。     

广东南水水库富营养化与浮游植物群落动态

南水水库是广东省第三大水库,属饮用水源一级保护区。于2011年1~12月对该水库的水文、水质和浮游植物进行了每月一次、为期一年的调查,采用营养状态指数(TSI)进行了水质综合评价,分析了浮游植物群落的动态变化规律,选择冗余分析(RDA)研究了影响浮游植物群落结构的环境因素。结果表明:南水水库现为贫营养型,全年浮游植物的种类变化不大,共鉴定出浮游植物6门50属(种),优势种以适应贫营养的种类为主,且浮游植物的丰度、生物量及叶绿素a浓度都较低,其均值分别为8.72×104～2.51×105cells/L、0.031～0.423 mg/L和0.83～2.80 mg/L。浮游植物群落主要以硅藻、甲藻和绿藻种群为主,硅藻种群全年占优势,甲藻和绿藻在不同季节优势度有变化,体现出从硅藻型到硅藻-甲藻型,到硅藻-绿藻型,再到硅藻-甲藻型的变化过程。温度、氮磷比和水体稳定性的季节变化是影响上述浮游植物群落动态的主要因子。