烟花爆竹生产安全问题探析

烟花爆竹生产由于行业的特殊性，危险性很大。近年来，烟花爆竹安全生产形势严峻，事故频发，危害严重。笔者在调查研究的基础上，分析了烟花爆竹生产的危险性以及引发事故的主要原因。着重讨论了烟花爆竹安全生产的可行性途径，强调提高准入门槛，严格安全生产许可证的核发；加大监督管理力度，严格规章制度的落实；发展地方经济，从根本上防止非法生产；并通过对湖南浏阳花炮生产安全管理的分析，探讨安全文化建设在烟花爆竹这一高危行业的作用，认为烟花爆竹行业要发展，要尽可能减少事故的发生，一定要注重安全管理，注重企业安全文化建设，注重提高从业人员的安全文化素质。     

丹东市春节期间燃放烟花爆竹对空气质量的影响

根据2009年春节期间丹东市主要污染物（PM10、SO2、NO2）浓度和气象资料,分析了燃放烟花爆竹对空气质量的影响。结果表明：除夕和元宵节大量燃放烟花爆竹能导致PM10在短时间内快速上升,但对SO2和N02浓度的影响不明显。除夕期间22：00-2：00是PM10受燃放烟花爆竹影响最大时段,城市居民居住集中区PM10浓度远高于其它区域。气象条件是影响春节期间空气质量的主要因素。     

湖南烟花爆竹放射性污染分析探讨

结合湖南烟花爆竹产业实际情况,研究分析了烟花爆竹放射性核素污染的主要来源,采用便携式γ辐射剂量检测仪快速检测了主要原材料和湖南浏阳、醴陵、常德、郴州、邵阳生产的各类烟花爆竹成品中放射性核素总含量。结果表明,与环境辐射本底值相比,湖南烟花爆竹主要原材料及产品未受到明显的放射性核素污染。     

谈春节期间燃放烟花爆竹对空气质量的影响

"爆竹声中一岁除",在春节期间燃放烟花爆竹这一传统习俗在我国有着悠久历史,可是,在春节期间大量集中燃放烟花爆竹会对空气质量造成严重的影响。本文对河源市2018年春节期间监测数据进行分析,探究燃放烟花爆竹对空气质量的影响,为春节期间烟花爆竹燃放管控提供技术参考。     

Online single particle measurement of fireworks pollution during Chinese New Year in Nanning

Time-resolved single-particle measurements were conducted during Chinese New Year in Nanning, China. Firework displays resulted in a burst of SO_2, coarse mode, and accumulation mode(100–500 nm) particles. Through single particle mass spectrometry analysis, five different types of particles(fireworks-metal, ash, dust, organic carbon-sulfate(OC-sulfate), biomass burning) with different size distributions were identified as primary emissions from firework displays. The fireworks-related particles accounted for more than70% of the total analyzed particles during severe firework detonations. The formation of secondary particulate sulfate and nitrate during firework events was investigated on single particle level. An increase of sulfite peak(80SO_3~-) followed by an increase of sulfate peaks(97HSO_4~-+ 96SO_4~-) in the mass spectra during firework displays indicated the aqueous uptake and oxidation of SO_2 on particles. High concentration of gaseous SO_2, high relative humidity and high particle loading likely promoted SO_2 oxidation. Secondary nitrate formed through gas-phase oxidation of NO_2 to nitric acid, followed by the condensation into particles as ammonium nitrate. This study shows that under worm, humid conditions, both primary and secondary aerosols contribute to the particulate air pollution during firework displays.     

Large inter annual variation in air quality during the annual festival ‘Diwali' in an Indian megacity

A network of air quality and weather monitoring stations was established under the System of Air Quality Forecasting and Research(SAFAR) project in Delhi. We report observations of ozone(O_3), nitrogen oxides(NO_x), carbon monoxide(CO) and particulate matter(PM_2.5and PM_(10)) before, during and after the Diwali in two consecutive years, i.e., November 2010 and October 2011. The Diwali days are characterised by large firework displays throughout India. The observations show that the background concentrations of particulate matter are between 5 and 10 times the permissible limits in Europe and the United States. During the Diwali-2010, the highest observed PM_(10) and PM_2.5mass concentration is as high as2070 μg/m~3 and 1620 μg/m3, respectively(24 hr mean), which was about 20 and 27 times to National Ambient Air Quality Standards(NAAQS). For Diwali-2011, the increase in PM_(10) and PM_2.5mass concentrations was much less with their peaks of 600 and of 390 μg/m~3 respectively, as compared to the background concentrations. Contrary to previous reports,firework display was not found to strongly influence the NO_x, and O_3 mixing ratios, with the increase within the observed variability in the background. CO mixing ratios showed an increase. We show that the large difference in 2010 and 2011 pollutant concentrations is controlled by weather parameters.     

Impact of nano particles on safety and environment for fireworks chemicals

Pyrotechnic devices, commonly known as fireworks, have a huge popularity. The sonic effect produced by the fireworks mainly depends upon the chemical composition of the mixtures and the particle size. Specifically this means that the larger the particle size, the more the quantity of powder mixture is to be used. Therefore, a high quality product which can produce the expected noise level with lesser quantity of chemicals is a major challenge faced by the pyrotechnic industry. This can be achieved by adopting either of the two approaches namely, one, by changing the chemical composition or, the other, by changing the particle size. At present the particle size of the chemical composition is at the micron level. However, by converting the composition into nano size, the volume of mixture used will be greatly reduced without compromising the sound level produced. The major advantage of using nano size powders is that it is essentially environmental friendly, producing less pollution and ensuring a cleaner environment. Concurrently, the major risk in using nano size powders is that it is a fire hazard. In this paper, the pros and cons of using nano powders in the manufacture of fireworks have been analyzed, collecting data from various research works and presenting the same as a review article.     

烟花爆竹燃放对北京市空气质量的影响研究

结合常规污染物浓度和PM_(2.5)化学组分浓度,分析了2015年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对北京市空气质量的影响。结果表明:烟花爆竹燃放会在短时间内造成严重的大气污染,其中对SO2、PM_(2.5)和PM10的影响最为显著。除夕夜间良乡、官园和怀柔3个监测站点的PM_(2.5)质量浓度峰值分别达730.5、343.4、762.2μg/m~3,为2月17—25日和3月4—8日(观测期间)平均值的5.2、3.1、7.1倍。烟花爆竹燃放对PM_(2.5)组分中的SO_4~(2-)、K+和Cl-的影响最为显著,除夕夜间监测中心点位的SO_4~(2-)、K~+和Cl~-质量浓度峰值分别达92.2、95.6、57.4μg/m~3,为观测期间平均值的4.5、10.5、6.8倍。烟花爆竹燃放产生的气态前体物和NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH+4、OC等PM_(2.5)二次化学组分在不利的气象条件下会发生化学反应和物理积累,造成PM_(2.5)浓度升高,产生持续性的大气污染。根据各污染物与NH+4的质量浓度比推算得出,除夕、"破五"和元宵节3个时段烟花爆竹燃放对K~+、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、SO_2和PM_(2.5)浓度的平均贡献率分别为78.4%、61.1%、37.4%、38.7%和30.1%。     

Applications of intrinsic safety characteristic parameters of propellant dust: Commercial multi-tube pyrotechnic hazard assessment

Fireworks are widely used in festivals around the world, but the safety issue during preparation the manufacture, storage, and operation of pyrotechnics has also been highly valued. Human operation error and insufficient recognition of the safety characteristics of pyrotechnics are the main factors in pyrotechnic incidents in Taiwan. This study considers thermal and explosion safety by electrostatic sensitivity, minimum ignition temperature, and explosion characteristics of propellant dust in commercial multi-tube pyrotechnics. The results show that propellant dust is not sensitive to static electricity, but it was ignited at 260 °C environment temperature. The lower explosion limit of propellant dust was 125–150 g/m³, which provided an effective control of the dust concentration in the workplace. It was also found that the explosive level of the propellant dust belonged to St-1, which is exceptionally close to St-2 explosion influence, and that cannot be ignored. The high temperature associated with the explosion reminded that after the firework is launched, it should be cooled before leaving. Combining the above results, this research suggests the environmental operation temperature and dust concentration should be controlled within a safer range to effectively avoid the occurrence of dust fire or explosion and substantially enhance the safety of the pyrotechnic industry.     

Improved characterisation of inorganic components in airborne particulate matter

We set up a microanalytical procedure for non-volatile ions by ion chromatography (IC) and for elements by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). We analysed NO₃, SO₄, NH₄, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, S, Zn, As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Ti, and V. The use of complementary techniques yields reliable data for both trace and crustal elements, overcoming the analytical restrictions characteristic of the individual techniques. Some elements determined by two or by all three techniques can be used as data quality markers. The application of the procedure to a short PM_2.5 monitoring campaign is also described, aimed to the identification of fireworks tracers.