甜菜制糖生产废水提标改造设计分析

食品废水处理对我国的经济发展以及环境业提高具有重要的推动作用。本文以某制糖厂为例,对甜菜制糖废水处理站的提标改造工程进行详细分析,在此基础上进行合理设计。     

Multi-stakeholder collaboration in community post-disaster reconstruction: case study from the Longmen Shan Fault area in China

While multi-stakeholder collaboration is critical for effective community post-disaster reconstruction (CPDR), it is often very difficult in practice. The Longmen Shan Fault active seismic zone in China has experienced several recent earthquakes with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and 2013 Lushan earthquake, both of which caused extensive and widespread damage to many communities, presenting unprecedented challenges for post-disaster reconstruction. This paper develops a multi-cycle field research method that involves three interconnected cycles: internet research, field visits, and extensive surveys: to examine multi-stakeholder collaboration for the CPDR following the Wenchuan earthquake. It was found that there were 12 types of active stakeholders engaged across four main areas: infrastructure rebuilding, psychological recovery, socio-economic rehabilitation, and ecological restoration. Specifically, local community participation and effective collaboration between the community and the external stakeholders were found to be the most crucial elements for successful reconstruction. Multi-stage field research after the Lushan earthquake verified that CPDR was effective and that multi-stakeholder collaboration had improved from the lessons learnt from the Wenchuan earthquake reconstruction experience. Some advantages and limitations of this research are also given.     

基于中亚气候数据的开都河流域历史气候资料重建

20世纪被认为可能是近千年中气候最暖的时期,但由于20世纪前50余年西北干旱区没有或少有实测气候资料,因此该区域20世纪气候变化评估存在很大的不确定性。重建这一时期气候资料有助于提高20世纪干旱区气候变化评估可靠性。论文应用Delta方法和典型相关分析(CCA)方法,结合1961-1990年开都河流域以及中亚3个气象站点1901-1990年逐月气温和降水资料重建开都河流域1901-1960年气候资料,并分析比较两种方法的精度和适用性。研究结果表明:Delta方法重建的各气象站逐月气温整体上优于CCA方法;CCA方法重建的降水整体上优于Delta方法。Delta方法重建的1901-1960年逐月气温序列不同年份之间变化幅度大,CCA方法重建的气温序列相对比较平缓。两种方法重建的降水序列中均表现出各个年份年内分布差异大的特征。     

Groundwater conditions under a reconstructed prairie chronosequence

Chronosequences are useful to evaluate long-term changes in ecosystem services but assessing groundwater quality changes using this approach has rarely been done. In this study, groundwater level and quality comparisons were made in a watershed-scale reconstructed prairie chronosequence that extended back in time approximately 13 years at the Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge (NSNWR) near Prairie City, Iowa. Our objectives were to determine whether groundwater conditions varied significantly across the chronosequence and quantify the rate of nitrate concentration reduction when row crop fields are replaced by prairie. We installed 19 groundwater wells at upland locations selected to provide similar soil type, landscape position and slope. Water samples were collected on five occasions in 2006 and 2007 and analyzed for field parameters, anions and NO₃-N, NH₄-N and PO₄-P. Significant groundwater changes were primarily associated with groundwater levels, and groundwater nitrate and chloride concentrations. The groundwater was deeper under the older prairie plantings but fluctuated similarly among all well sites. Groundwater nitrate and chloride concentrations decreased 0.58 and 0.52 mg/l per year over the 13-year chronosequence, respectively. Results are seen to provide some guidance to land managers regarding possible nitrate concentration reductions achievable from converting cropland to perennial land cover in similar geomorphic settings.     

纺织废水集中处理厂升级改造关键技术

某纺织废水集中处理厂接纳的主要废水为棉纺织、染整、洗毛、化工等综合性废水。这种废水成分复杂．污染程度高,混合废水CODCr质量浓度高达2000mg／L,pH值达13。为响应江苏省DB32／1072--2007《湖地区城镇地区水处理厂及重点工业行业主要水污染物排放限值》的新标准,研究了老污水厂升级改造的关键技术：首先采用清浊分流,将高浓度的退浆废水与洗毛废水经8d厌氧预处理,使CODCr质量浓度由8000mg／L降至1800mg／L．然后与印染废水混合,使调节池出水CODCr质量浓度从1600mg/L降至800mg／L左右;污泥量减少40％～50％;并深化曝气生物滤池处理工艺,采用气水联合反冲洗,节约80％反冲洗水,并使曝气生物滤池出水CODCr质量浓度稳定在60mg／L以下。     

地震灾后重建中的多元化资金支持研究

本文以汶川地震为背景,针对灾后重建资金需求量大、持续时间长的特点,提出灾后重建资金来源应以财政资金为引导,走多元化的道路;并分别从财政资金支持、信贷资金支持、社会资金支持、国外资金支持、保险资金支持、证券市场资金支持的角度进行分析,提出了在财政资金引导下,切实可行的多元化资金支持建议.     

Turbosorp湍流吸收循环流化床烟气脱硫技术在改造工程中的应用

循环流化床半干法烟气脱硫技术是目前世界上主流脱硫工艺技术之一,主要适用于大中型燃煤电厂的烟气脱硫,在国内外拥有大量成功运行的工程案例。本文章基于本公司实践论述Turbosorp湍流吸收循环流化床脱硫技术的技术特点、关键工艺控制要点以及在机组改造工程中的技术优势,为同类型机组改造工程中的方案选择提供参考。     

The feasibility of concentrated rural settlement in a context of post‐disaster reconstruction: a study of China

There is growing appreciation of the use of concentrated rural settlement as an effective means of implementing infrastructure projects and helping to achieve sustainable development in rural areas. This occurs in China through the exchange of rural residential land for urban construction. However, this policy has not been effective under normal circumstances (called development‐driven conditions) as frequently farmers are reluctant to accept such an exchange. By contrast, in a time of disaster, such as after the 2008 earthquake in Sichuan Province, China, rural victims have accepted this policy of rural residential land exchange. Employing game theory, this paper identifies the reasons for the different outcomes and it contends that the implementation of concentrated rural settlement practice under disaster‐induced conditions is more effective than its introduction under development‐driven conditions. The results of the analysis indicate that, in China, concentrated rural settlement is feasible in a context of post‐disaster reconstruction.     

Investigating the key indicators for evaluating post‐disaster shelter

This study sought to identify the primary indicators for evaluating shelter assistance following natural disasters and then to develop a shelter evaluation instrument based on these indicators. Electronic databases and the ‘grey’ literature were scoured for publications with a relation to post‐disaster shelter assistance. Indicators for evaluating such assistance were extracted from these publications. In total, 1,525 indicators were extracted from 181 publications. A preliminary evaluation instrument was designed from these 1,525 indicators. Shelter experts checked the instrument for face and content validity, and it was revised subsequently based on their input. The revised instrument comprises a version for use by shelter agencies (48 questions that assess 23 indicators) and a version for use by beneficiaries (52 questions that assess 22 indicators). The instrument can serve as a standardised tool to enable groups to gauge whether or not the shelter assistance that they supply meets the needs of disaster‐affected populations.     

少数民族聚集区乡村空间重构的影响机理——以新疆和田地区为例

乡村空间重构不仅是农村现代化的必由之路,还是实现土地集约利用的重要途径。和田地区,经济发展缓慢,其村庄基础设施差,而且由于人口迅速发展,其人地矛盾突出,因此对和田地区进行乡村空间重构势在必行。基于此,本文依据2015年对和田地区入户调查的1 162份问卷,选取了农户的个体特征、家庭特征、职业特征和居住环境特征四个方面的19个影响因素作为自变量,选取农户是否愿意整治作为因变量,运用二元Logistic模型对农户迁居至中心村的影响因素和迁居意愿进行了回归分析。对问卷的统计可知,有64%的被调查者表示接受整治。通过与其他区域的调查对比可知,经济越是发达的地区,其中心村整治的进展越快,农民接受整治的意愿也越强烈。相反,经济越不发达的地区,其中心村整治的进展越缓慢,农民接受搬迁的意愿越低。农户是否愿意接受乡村重构,是农户家庭特征、居民点的基础设施和农户的职业特征共同作用的结果。就农户的家庭特征来看,家庭劳动力数量偏少、家庭年收入越高、耕地面积适中的农户,其搬迁意愿是最强烈的。在农户的职业特征中,愿意参与土地流转、有外出务工经验的农户,其搬迁意愿是最强烈的。在环境特征中,若农户对居住环境和现居住村的建设越不满意、居住环境中需要改善的项目越多,农户的搬迁意愿越强烈。因此,对于和田地区来说,在引导居民集中居住的同时,要引导农户流转土地,促进更多人就业,积极推动特色农业的发展,走农业现代化的道路,以促进农民收入的持续增长。此外,农户对于整治的一个很重要的期望就是改善居住环境,因此在未来的村庄总体建设和规划中,应积极改善村庄内基础设施,并与居住建设同步进行。一直以来,对少数民族聚集区的乡村空间重构的研究比较少。本文对和田地区中心村的研究,是对少数民族地区乡村空间重构研究的重要补充。