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1.
Mt. Gongga area in southwest China was impacted by Hg emissions from industrial activities and coal combustion, and annual means of atmospheric TGM and PHg concentrations at a regional background station were 3.98 ng m−3 and 30.7 pg m−3, respectively. This work presents a mass balance study of Hg in an upland forest in this area. Atmospheric deposition was highly elevated in the study area, with the annual mean THg deposition flux of 92.5 μg m−2 yr−1. Total deposition was dominated by dry deposition (71.8%), and wet deposition accounted for the remaining 28.2%. Forest was a large pool of atmospheric Hg, and nearly 76% of the atmospheric input was stored in forest soil. Volatilization and stream outflow were identified as the two major pathways for THg losses from the forest, which yielded mean output fluxes of 14.0 and 8.6 μg m−2 yr−1, respectively.  相似文献   
2.
运用静态箱-预浓缩-气相色谱-质谱法和静态箱-色谱法分别测量了南亚热带鼎湖山针阔叶混交林土壤-大气COS和CO2通量。结果表明,土壤吸收COS,凋落物保留样地COS吸收速率显著高于凋落物去除样地,3月土壤COS吸收速率最高。土壤COS吸收速率与大气COS浓度正相关。土壤COS吸收速率与土壤温度、土壤含水量单独未表现出显著相关性,但凋落物保留样地COS吸收速率与土壤温度和含水量两者共同呈二次多项式相关。凋落物保留样地CO2释放速率高于凋落物去除样地。与土壤COS吸收速率相反,土壤CO2释放速率3月最低,7月最高,主要受温度和土壤含水量的影响。土壤CO2释放速率与土壤温度呈指数相关,与土壤含水量直线相关,多元回归分析表明,土壤CO2释放受温度和含水量的共同影响。土壤COS吸收速率随土壤CO2释放速率的增加而增加,表明两者可能受某些共同因素的影响。  相似文献   
3.
以PVC行业废汞触媒、糊式锌锰电池浆液、含汞锌膏为原料,采用动力通量箱法测试其挥发速率,研究了最佳试验操作条件。结果表明:通量箱气体流速在0.5 L/min以下,采用两级大型气泡吸收管吸收挥发汞时效率可达99%以上,增加1次空白测量可测得通量箱壁汞吸附量。  相似文献   
4.
High spatial and temporal resolution airborne imagery were acquired for the Ribble Estuary, North West England in 1997 and 2003, to assess the application of time-series airborne remote sensing to quantify total suspended sediment and radionuclide fluxes during a flood and ebb tide sequence. Concomitant measurements of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and water column turbidity were obtained during the time-series image acquisition for the flood and ebb tide sequence on the 17th July 2003 to verify the assumption of a vertically well mixed estuary and thus justifying the vertical extrapolation of spatially integrated estimate of surface SPM. The 137Cs activity concentrations were calculated from a relatively stable relationship between SPM and 137Cs for the Ribble Estuary. Total estuary wide budgets of sediment and 137Cs were obtained by combining the image-derived estimates of surface SPM and 137Cs with estimates of water volume from a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model (VERSE) developed for the Ribble Estuary. These indicate that around 10,000 tonnes of sediment and 2.72 GBq of 137Cs were deposited over the tidal sequence monitored in July 2003. This compared favourably with bed height elevation change estimated from field work. An uncertainty analysis on the total sediment and 137Cs flux yielded a total budget of the order of 40% on the final estimate. The results represent a novel approach to providing a spatially integrated estimate of the total net sediment and radionuclide flux in an intertidal environment over a flood and ebb tide sequence.  相似文献   
5.
厦门近海海域海水二甲基硫排放通量的研究   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
通过厦门近海海域海水二甲基硫(DMS)浓度及其日变化的测定,估算了厦门近海海域海水DMS的排放通量。测定结果表明;①厦门近海海域海水中的DMS浓度有较大季节差异,春季为191~365ng/L,平均为288ng/L;秋季为119~351ng/L,平均为215ng/L。春季高于秋季,两季平均可达2515ng/L。②厦门近海海水DMS浓度还存在着明显的日变化,夜间2∶00~4∶00最小,中午12∶00~14∶00最大,浓度变化可达3倍。海水DMS排放通量的估算结果表明,厦门近海海域海水春季DMS的排放通量为1612μmol/(m2·d)(以S计,下同),秋季为2984μmol/(m2·d),秋季明显大于春季。主要原因是由于厦门近海春秋两季海风风速不同导致的DMS传输速率K差异造成的。  相似文献   
6.
Contaminated sites pose a significant threat to groundwater resources worldwide. Due to limited available resources a risk-based prioritisation of the remediation efforts is essential. Existing risk assessment tools are unsuitable for this purpose, because they consider each contaminated site separately and on a local scale, which makes it difficult to compare the impact from different sites. Hence a modelling tool for risk assessment of contaminated sites on the catchment scale has been developed. The CatchRisk screening tool evaluates the risk associated with each site in terms of its ability to contaminate abstracted groundwater in the catchment. The tool considers both the local scale and the catchment scale. At the local scale, a flexible, site specific leaching model that can be adjusted to the actual data availability is used to estimate the mass flux over time from identified sites. At the catchment scale, a transport model that utilises the source flux and a groundwater model covering the catchment is used to estimate the transient impact on the supply well. The CatchRisk model was tested on a groundwater catchment for a waterworks north of Copenhagen, Denmark. Even though data scarcity limited the application of the model, the sites that most likely caused the observed contamination at the waterworks were identified. The method was found to be valuable as a basis for prioritising point sources according to their impact on groundwater quality. The tool can also be used as a framework for testing hypotheses on the origin of contamination in the catchment and for identification of unknown contaminant sources.  相似文献   
7.
Zhu R  Sun L  Ding W 《Chemosphere》2005,59(11):1667-1675
The nitrous oxide emissions were measured at three tundra sites and one snowpack on the Fildes Peninsula in the maritime Antarctic in the summertime of 2002. The average fluxes at two normal tundra sites were 1.1 ± 2.2 and 0.6 ± 1.7 μg N2O m−2 h−1, respectively. The average flux from tundra soil site with penguin dropping addition was 3.7 ± 2.0 μg N2O m−2 h−1, 3–6 times those from the normal tundra soils, suggesting that the deposition of fresh droppings enhanced N2O emissions during penguin breeding period. The summer precipitation had an important effect on N2O emissions; the flux decreased when heavy precipitation occurred. The diurnal cycle of the N2O fluxes from Antarctic tundra soils was not obtained due to local fluky weather conditions. The N2O fluxes through four snowpack sites were obtained by the vertical N2O concentration gradient and their average fluxes were 0.94, 1.36, 0.81 and 0.85 μg N2O m−2 h−1, respectively. The tundra soils under snowpack emitted N2O in the maritime Antarctic and increased local atmospheric N2O concentrations; therefore these fluxes could constitute an important part of the annual N2O budget for Antarctic tundra ecosystem.  相似文献   
8.
Phthalate esters are used as plasticizer in many plastics, and several studies have shown their toxicity. Phthalate esters are gradually emitted over time, and so it is conceivable that they pose a significant health risk. This study aims to investigate the temperature dependence of the emissions of various phthalate esters and to estimate the health risks of these emissions at various temperatures. A passive-type sampler was developed to measure the flux of phthalate esters from the surface of plastic materials. With this sampler, we examined three widely used plastic materials: synthetic leather, wallpaper and vinyl flooring. The observed maximum emissions of diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) from these materials at 20°C were 0.89, 0.77, and 14 μg m−2 h−1, respectively. Emissions at 80°C were 2.8, 4.5×102, and 1.5×103 μg m−2 h−1, respectively. The results showed this temperature dependence is determined primarily by the type of phthalate ester and less so by the type of material. The estimation from the results of temperature dependence indicated the concentration of DEHP in a vehicle left out in the sunshine during the day can exceed the recommended levels of Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.  相似文献   
9.
崇明东滩滨海围垦湿地CO_2通量贡献区分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用通量贡献区模型(FSAM)对崇明东滩滨海围垦湿地生长季和非生长季的CO2通量贡献区(Footprint)进行分析,结果表明:(1)135°~225°方向为生长季主风向,而315°~45°方向为非生长季主风向。(2)在生长季主风向,大气稳定状态下的Footprint函数取得最大值时的位置(Xm)为96.84 m,90%的通量信息来源于迎风向41.04~378.20 m、垂直迎风向-79.73~79.73 m范围内;而大气不稳定状态下的Xm为75.28 m,90%的通量信息来源于迎风向33.83~257.07 m、垂直迎风向-82.29~82.29 m范围内。在非生长季主风向,大气稳定状态下的Xm为82.68 m,90%的通量信息来源于迎风向36.73~282.49 m、垂直迎风向-120.31~120.31 m范围内;而大气不稳定状态下的Xm为56.49 m,90%的通量信息来源于迎风向25.90~179.90 m、垂直迎风向-76.30~76.30 m范围内。(3)非主风向贡献区分布与主风向有相似的规律。在生长季和非生长季,大气稳定状态下的贡献区面积均要大于大气不稳定状态下的贡献区面积;而在相同的大气稳定状态下,生长季的贡献区面积要大于非生长季。(4)在非生长季,主风向观测的垂直迎风向范围要远大于其他风向,这可能和该条件下的横向风速脉动标准差与摩擦风速的比值(σv/u*)较大有关。  相似文献   
10.
Peatlands contain approximately 25% of the global soil carbon (C), despite covering only 3% of the earth's land surface. In order to evaluate the role of peatlands in global C cycling, models of ecosystem biogeochemistry are required, but peatland ecosystems present a number of unique challenges, particularly how to deal with the large variability that occurs at scales of one to several metres. In models, spatial variability is considered either explicitly for each individual unit and the outputs averaged, referred to as flux upscaling, or implicitly by weighting model parameters by the fractional occurrence of the individual units, referred to as parameter upscaling. The advantage of parameter upscaling is that it is much more computationally efficient: a requirement for hemispheric scale simulations. In this study we determined the differences between modelling a raised bog peatland with hummock-hollow microtopography using flux and parameter upscaling. We used the McGill Wetland Model (MWM), a process-based ecosystem C model for peatlands, configured for hummocks and hollows separately and then a weighted mixture of both. The simulated output based on flux and parameter upscaling was compared with eddy-covariance tower measurements. We found that net ecosystem production (NEP) for hollows was much larger than that for hummocks because total ecosystem respiration (TER) for hummocks was greater while gross primary production (GPP) did not differ significantly between the two topographic features. However, despite differences in components of NEP between hummocks and hollows, there was no statistically significant difference between the NEP based on flux and parameter upscaling using the MWM. Both flux and parameter upscaling show equivalent capability to capture the magnitude, direction, seasonality and inter-annual variability. The root-mean-square-errors (RMSE) are 0.66, 0.45, and 0.49 g C m−2 day−1, respectively for GPP, TER and NEP based on the flux upscaling, while 0.67, 0.44, and 0.48 g C m−2 day−1, respectively based on the parameter upscaling. The degree of agreement (d*) is 0.96, 0.97, and 0.88, respectively for GPP, TER and NEP based on the flux upscaling, while 0.96, 0.97, and 0.89, respectively based on the parameter upscaling. This result suggests that differences in processes caused by peatland microtopography scale linearly, which means an ecosystem-level model set-up (i.e. parameter upscaling scheme), is sufficient to simulate the C cycling.  相似文献   
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