燃煤电厂超低排放气态污染物监测技术综述

介绍了燃煤电厂超低排放气态污染物监测系统的采样系统和分析单元,分析了其各自的优缺点。对稀释抽取式、冷干抽取式和热湿抽取式3种采样方法,以及非分散红外吸收法(NDIR)、非分散紫外吸收法(NDUV)、紫外差分吸收法(DOAS)、紫外荧光法(UVF)和化学发光法(CL)5种分析方法进行对比。结果表明,冷干抽取式+紫外差分法以及稀释抽取式+紫外荧光法+化学发光法可以较好地符合燃煤电厂超低排放监测的要求。     

A study of the precursors leading to ‘organisational’ accidents in complex industrial settings

This study aggregates the narrative findings from the investigation of 12 accidents or ‘near hits’ across a wide range of industrial settings to build a catalogue of organisational and cultural precursors to accidents. It was found that many were important factors in multiple events. It is argued that by addressing these potential vulnerabilities using the findings and proposed tools based upon them, organisations undertaking safety related activities will not only develop greater awareness of these deeper-lying issues but should be able to better control the risks associated with them.The precursors have been classified under eight headings and examples of key findings from three of these are presented. Statements providing potential defences against the identified vulnerabilities have been developed which should enable organisations to scrutinise the adequacy of existing expectations or requirements within their business. Probing questions have been developed based on the statements which should allow an assessment to be made as to whether these have been ‘embedded’ in the organisation.It is argued that organisational vulnerability tools should be developed to enable a systematic approach to ‘diagnosing’ incubating precursors. It is also argued that there is the potential for further resilience to be achieved through the use of models of the complex dynamics of socio-technical processes within organisations.     

Capability of cation exchange technology to remove proven N-nitrosodimethylamine precursors

N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) precursors consist of a positively charged dimethylamine group and a non-polar moiety, which inspired us to develop a targeted cation exchange technology to remove NDMA precursors. In this study, we tested the removal of two representative NDMA precursors, dimethylamine(DMA) and ranitidine(RNTD), by strong acidic cation exchange resin. The results showed that pH greatly affected the exchange efficiency, with high removal(DMA 78% and RNTD 94%) observed at pH pk_a-1 when the molar ratio of exchange capacity to precursor was 4. The exchange order was obtained as follows: Ca~(2+) Mg~(2+) RNTD~+ K~+ DMA~+ NH_4~+ Na~+. The partition coefficient of DMA~+to Na~+was 1.41 ± 0.26, while that of RNTD~+to Na~+was 12.1 ± 1.9. The pseudo second-order equation fitted the cation exchange kinetics well. Bivalent inorganic cations such as Ca~(2+)were found to have a notable effect on NA precursor removal in softening column test. Besides DMA and RNTD, cation exchange process also worked well for removing other 7 model NDMA precursors. Overall, NDMA precursor removal can be an added benefit of making use of cation exchange water softening processes.     

Acid-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of nanocrystalline TiO2 from titanate nanotubes: Influence of acids on the photodegradation of gaseous toluene

In order to efficiently remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from indoor air, onedimensional titanate nanotubes (TiNTs) were hydrothermally treated to prepare TiO₂ nanocrystals with different crystalline phases, shapes and sizes. The influences of various acids such as CH₃COOH, HNO₃, HCl, HF and H₂SO₄ used in the treatment were separately compared to optimize the performance of the TiO₂ nanocrystals. Comparedwith the strong and corrosive inorganic acids, CH₃COOH was not only safer andmore environmentally friendly, but also more efficient in promoting the photocatalytic activity of the obtained TiO₂. Itwasobserved that the anatase TiO₂ synthesized in 15 mol/L CH₃COOH solution exhibited the highest photodegradation rate of gaseous toluene (94%), exceeding that of P25 (44%) by a factor ofmore than two. The improved photocatalytic activity was attributed to the small crystallite size and surface modification by CH₃COOH. The influence of relative humidity (20%-80%) on the performance of TiO₂ nanocrystals was also studied. The anatase TiO₂ synthesized in 15 mol/L CH₃COOH solution was more tolerant tomoisture than the other TiO₂ nanocrystals and P25.     

The potential of algae blooms to produce renewable gaseous fuel

Ulva lactuca (commonly known as sea letuce) is a green sea weed which dominates Green Tides or algae blooms. Green Tides are caused by excess nitrogen from agriculture and sewage outfalls resulting in eutrophication in shallow estuaries. Samples of U. lactuca were taken from the Argideen estuary in West Cork on two consecutive years. In year 1 a combination of three different processes/pretreatments were carried out on the Ulva. These include washing, wilting and drying. Biomethane potential (BMP) assays were carried out on the samples. Fresh Ulva has a biomethane yield of 183 L CH₄/kg VS. For dried, washed and macerated Ulva a BMP of 250 L CH₄/kg VS was achieved. The resource from the estuary in West Cork was shown to be sufficient to provide fuel to 264 cars on a year round basis. Mono-digestion of Ulva may be problematic; the C:N ratio is low and the sulphur content is high. In year 2 co-digestion trials with dairy slurry were carried out. These indicate a potential increase in biomethane output by 17% as compared to mono-digestion of Ulva and slurry.     

火力发电行业主要气态污染物排放量计算方法研究

针对目前我国火力发电行业气态污染物排放量计算方法使用混乱的情况,根据欧盟《空气污染物排放清单指南》和美国《空气污染物排放因子汇编》,介绍了火电行业主要气态污染物排放量的实际测量及理论计算方法。提出我国火电行业应根据实际情况,选择实际测量、排放因子或经验公式等方法计算污染物排放量;使用排放因子方法计算SO2排放量时,应开展S元素转化率的研究;火电厂应增加燃料中N元素的分析,以利于NOx排放量的准确估算。     

铜前驱体对Cu/SSZ-13催化剂选择性催化氧化NH3性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了一系列Cu/SSZ-13(X)催化剂,考察不同铜前驱体对催化剂选择性催化氧化氨(NH_3-SCO)性能的影响,并通过ICP、N_2吸附-脱附、XRD、XPS、EPR、UV-Vis、NH_3-TPD和H_2-TPR等手段对催化剂进行物化性质表征.活性测试结果表明,不同铜前驱体制备的Cu/SSZ-13催化剂活性顺序为Cu/SSZ-13(N) Cu/SSZ-13(AC) Cu/SSZ-13(Cl) Cu/SSZ-13(O).其中Cu/SSZ-13(N)具有最佳的低温活性,在200℃反应温度下NH_3转化率达85.5%,且N_2选择性达到80%以上.XRD、EPR和UV-Vis分析表明,CuO和孤立Cu~(2+)是Cu/SSZ-13催化剂的主要铜物种.NH_3-TPD分析表明,以硝酸铜为前驱体制备的Cu/SSZ-13(N)具有更多的酸性位点,有利于提高催化剂的NH_3吸附能力.H_2-TPR结果表明,Cu/SSZ-13(N)的氧化还原性最强,具有最优异的NH_3活化能力,从而使催化剂呈现最好的低温NH_3-SCO活性.     

2015~2020年海南省臭氧时空变化及其成因分析

基于2015～2020年海南省32个大气环境监测站监测数据,以及同期的常规气象观测资料,采用经验正交函数分解方法（EOF）、气候倾向率和趋势系数分析等方法,探讨了海南省O₃-8h（最大8 h平均）时空分布特征,及其与前体物和气象因子的关系.结果表明,海南省ρ（O₃-8h）呈北部和西部偏高,中部、东部和南部偏低的分布特征,最高值出现在东方市(91.5μg·m^-3). 2015～2020年共有12个市县ρ（O₃-8h）呈下降趋势,其中有6个市县达到了95%的信度检验.ρ（O₃-8h）季节变化特征明显,秋季最高,春季和冬季次之,夏季最低.秋季ρ（O₃-8h）表现为上升趋势,而其余三季为下降趋势. EOF分解的前两个特征向量场的累积方差为72.58%,能够较好地描述ρ（O₃-8h）的主要分布特征.第一模态体现了ρ（O₃-8h）变化的一致性,第二模态体现了地区性差异.ρ（O₃-8h）的变化与前体物和气...     

上海市夏季臭氧污染特征及削峰方案

随着大气污染治理措施的不断推进,近年来上海市PM_2.5浓度呈现明显的下降趋势,但O₃污染现象依然频发,因此分析O₃污染发生规律,科学制定O₃削峰方案是目前亟需解决的问题.本研究以2017年7月为例,期间长三角17个城市累计O₃污染天数165 d,其中上海最为严重,7月超标率为64.5%,分析前体物浓度和气象要素,主要是由于高温、低湿、小风不利气象条件和较高的前体物排放共同导致,期间上海市NO₂平均浓度为27.1 μg·m^-3,VOCs体积分数为22.5×10^-9.通过WRF-CMAQ情景模拟,仅上海进行前体物削减,对区域性O₃污染控制较为有限,建议多城市共同削减,上海及邻近周边9城市削减VOCs排放30%,上海O₃日最大8 h浓度可下降7.2%,如果扩大到17个城市削减,上海O₃日最大8 h浓度降幅为7.8%.同时建议严格控制前体物削减比例,VOCs ：NO_x削减比例应大于3 ：1,否则会导致部分地区O₃浓度反弹.     

成都夏冬季PM2.5中水溶性无机离子污染特征

利用大气细颗粒物水溶性组分及气态前体物在线监测设备(GAC-IC)对成都市2017年夏、冬两季大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子(WSIIs)及气态前体物进行了连续观测,对其污染特征及冬季一次典型污染过程进行了深入分析.结果表明,成都冬季PM_(2.5)质量浓度为100.2μg·m~(-3),显著高于夏季(34.0μg·m~(-3)).WSIIs是PM_(2.5)的重要组成,对夏、冬季PM_(2.5)的贡献分别可达52.9%和53.3%.夏、冬季的二次离子(SNA)占WSIIs的比例分别为73.2%和87.6%,其中,SO_4~(2-)和NO~-_3分别是夏、冬季SNA的主导组分,对SNA的贡献分别为37.7%和59.7%.冬季NO~-_3/SO_4~(2-)比值(2.7)显著高于夏季(0.8),体现了移动源(尤其是机动车源)对该季节PM_(2.5)的重要贡献.受来源及气象条件差异的影响,两季节SNA的日变化规律明显.在冬季,随着污染加重,各化学组分及主要气态前体物浓度均显著增加,NO~-_3是引发重污染的关键组分.后向轨迹分析表明,成都两季节气团来向差异明显,夏、冬季聚类对应的WSIIs分别以SO_4~(2-)和NO~-_3为主导,成都周边地区的近距离低空传输对该城市PM_(2.5)污染贡献重大.