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Crop damage is the most common impact of negative interactions between people and elephants and poses a significant threat to rural livelihoods and conservation efforts. Numerous approaches to mitigate and prevent crop damage have been implemented throughout Africa and Asia. Despite the documented high efficacy of many approaches, losses remain common, and in many areas, damage is intensifying. We examined the literature on effectiveness of crop-damage-mitigation strategies and identified key gaps in evaluations. We determined there is a need to better understand existing solutions within affected communities and to extend evaluations of effectiveness beyond measurement of efficacy to include rates of and barriers to adoption. We devised a conceptual framework for evaluating effectiveness that incorporates the need for increased emphasis on adoption and can be used to inform the design of future crop-damage mitigation assessments for elephants and conflict species more widely. The ability to prevent crop loss in practice is affected by both the efficacy of a given approach and rates of uptake among target users. We identified the primary factors that influence uptake as local attitudes, sustainability, and scalability and examined each of these factors in detail. We argue that even moderately efficacious interventions may make significant progress in preventing damage if widely employed and recommend that wherever possible scientists and practitioners engage with communities to build on and strengthen existing solutions and expertise. When new approaches are required, they should align with local attitudes and fit within limitations on labor, financial requirements, and technical capacity. 相似文献
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硫酸雾测试方法若干问题思考 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
简述了我国硫酸雾测试方法的发展历史,分析和总结了《固定污染源废气硫酸雾的测定离子色谱法》(HJ 544—2016)存在的一些争议和问题,包括硫酸雾的定义、测试方法的干扰控制等。分析认为,相比《硫酸工业污染物排放标准》(GB 26132—2010),HJ 544—2016对硫酸雾的定义更加合理。实验结果表明:硫酸盐是测试方法条件下的目标物,滤筒可以显著地捕捉硫酸盐。9组样品滤筒中,被测目标物所占比例为7.9%~69.1%;滤筒和前吸收液中,被测目标物所占比例为93.7%~97.8%。HJ 544—2016新增加的两级串联碱液吸收瓶可以较完全地捕集穿透滤筒后的硫酸雾,同时也会捕集SO2。SO2会对硫酸雾测试产生正干扰,约42.9%的SO2在被吸收后转化为硫酸雾。 相似文献
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Introduction: The appearance of musculoskeletal disorders (MDs) in professional drivers due to exposition to whole-body vibration (WBV) makes it relevant to assess this exposure. The European Directive 2002/44/EC has two methods to evaluate exposure to WBV (defined in ISO2631-1:2008). These methods evaluate the exposure associated with an 8-hour working day; however, MDs due to WBV could also be caused by accumulated exposure to vibrations over long term, and hence, the methods defined in the European directive may be limited in their ability to ensure the safety of workers exposed to WBV throughout their years of employment. Method: A detailed comparison and discussion of methods defined in the European Directive and the ISO2631-5:2018 was used as a starting point of the main results of this paper. On this basis, a new methodology for the management and organization of preventive measures is proposed to consider the assessment of ISO2631-5:2018 standard and the full working life of workers. Experimental data to assess exposure to WBV in heavy equipment vehicle (HEV) drivers under different road surface conditions and range of velocities were considered to illustrate the process of the proposed methodology. Results: The methods defined in the standards provide different assessments leading to a different possible consideration of safe operations when the risks associated with them may actually be high. The proposed methodology can be used with the aim of ensuring safety of workers throughout their working lives and providing an easy implementation of the calculations of ISO2631-5:2018 standard. Conclusions: A procedure to assess the health risk probability to which the HEV worker is exposed in terms of the exposure years and a different range of operational vehicle speeds is proposed and exemplified with a study case. Practical applications: This study provides a practical tool for the management of WBV exposure related to work-tasks in HEV drivers. Safety managers should consider the global exposition to WBV throughout their working life, and this research provides an easy tool to accomplish it. 相似文献
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城市环境总体规划中大气环境红线内涵及划定技术 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
城市环境总体规划是一项重大环境管理制度创新,目前全国已启动了24个城市的环境总体规划编制工作,其中划定环境红线是城市环境总体规划的核心内容。本文结合福州、宜昌、平潭等城市环境总体规划编制实践,首次提出了大气环境红线的技术框架,将大气环境红线划分为源头布局敏感区、污染易聚集区及敏感的环境受体三类,并创新性建立了大气环境红线划定技术方法,初步构建了适用于城市环境总体规划的空间规划技术体系。 相似文献
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本文介绍了氮氧化物产生的机理以及低氮燃烧技术在火电厂大型燃煤锅炉的应用,简述其技术特点和改造措施,并通过试验测试了改造后的效果。 相似文献
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环境监察是直接而具体的环境保护行为,是国家环保部门进行监督、强性执法的方式,是对环境进行有效监督的方法。环境监察需要执法部门现场进行监督与处理。具有直接性、强制性。大多分为事前、事中与事后监察。环境监察范围主要是对乱排放污染物,对生态造成破坏的单位或个人及时进行检查、处理。有些情况下,需要进行强制性执法。 相似文献
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借鉴"压力-状态-响应"(PSR)模型的理论内涵,构建了低碳城市评价指标体系框架,同时采用层次分析法(AHP)确定各指标权重,建立了低碳城市定量评价方法,并应用于对2012年福建省9个城市进行低碳城市建设水平的评价。结果表明,厦门市已达到低碳城市建设成熟阶段,福州、泉州、漳州、宁德、莆田5个城市处于建设中期,龙岩、三明和南平3个城市尚停留在建设初期,福建省没有建设滞后的城市,低碳城市建设水平总体较好。 相似文献
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微波消解ICP-AES法测定土壤中的金属元素研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸-双氧水作溶剂,通过微波消解技术、电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定土壤中的锑、砷、铍、镉、铬、铜、铅、镍、硒、银、铊、锌,优化了微波消解仪和等离子发射光谱仪的工作参数,研究了共存离子的干扰和消除方法。优化后的微波消解酸体系及用量比例为HNO3∶HCl∶HF∶H2O2=5∶2∶3∶1,方法线性良好,各元素的检出限在0.000 2 mg/L~0.010 1 mg/L之间,土壤样品测定的标准偏差在0.001~0.051之间,加标回收率在85.5%~108.5%之间。该方法检出限低、精密度高、准确度好,测定结果令人满意。 相似文献