System dynamics research of non-adaptive evacuation psychology in toxic gas leakage emergencies of chemical park

Chemical industry park plays an important role in optimizing the allocation of resources, but an emergency may make a great deal of personnel casualty and property loss. Many casualties are not the result of accidents but are caused by extreme behavior because of the non-adaptive psychology of the evacuees. Panic is one of the non-adaptive psychological behaviors during an evacuation, which is influenced by a variety of factors. Based on the consideration of the disaster environment and the evolution of crowd emotion, a system dynamics model of panic spread is established by using Anylogic software, and simulation experiments are carried out for different disaster severity, visibility, and groups. The results show that the number of people with severe panic increase when visibility decreases or disaster diffuses. Besides, the appropriate proportion of groups can effectively reduce the cooling time of crowd and ease the fears. However, continue to increase the number of groups has no significant effect on the panic control. This work can provide some reasonable guidance for regional emergency evacuation in chemical park.     

Analysis of crater formation in buried NG pipelines: A survey based on past accidents and evaluation of domino effect

The formation of a crater by the abrupt and catastrophic rupture of a high-pressure pipeline can be highly relevant, especially when the crater uncovers other pipelines, which could undergo a domino effect with a significant increase of the consequences on people or on the environment. However, this scenario has been only partially studied in the literature. To assess the influence of the pipeline parameters on the dimensions of the resulting crater, a statistical analysis of accidental ruptures of buried natural gas pipelines that have involved the formation of a crater was carried out. Mathematical expressions are proposed to describe the proportionality relationships found, which can be very useful to support adequate separation distances in the design and construction of parallel corridors of pipelines after appropriate escalating effects are considered. Finally, detailed event trees were developed to calculate the probability of occurrence of the final outcomes, as well as the identified domino sequences, based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data. The study of these accident scenarios, based on actual cases, represents a useful and needed advance in risk analysis of natural gas transportation through pipelines.     

基于TVR的腐蚀油气管道失效概率及安全寿命研究

为避免因腐蚀导致油气管道失效，针对因管道特性和腐蚀尺寸的不确定性使得管道剩余强度成为概率模型的特点，建立了腐蚀管道强度损失随机模型；借助可靠性理论，通过分析管道腐蚀进程的时变性特点，将管道系统由损伤积累和抗力衰减导致的剩余强度随机化；提出基于穿越率的腐蚀油气管道失效评定及安全寿命预测方法。研究结果表明:腐蚀速率和运行压力对管道失效概率及安全寿命影响显著,管道尺寸影响适中，而相关系数和拉伸强度影响较小；若腐蚀速率Va=0.2 mm/a，VL=10 mm/a或局部腐蚀缺陷半径达到管道壁厚的0.5倍时，建议作为重点风险段监测并检修。所建方法是对腐蚀油气管道运营监控和风险评估的有益补充。     

钻孔间距对水力压裂促抽煤层瓦斯的影响

针对定量确定合理钻孔间距困难问题，基于损伤力学和多场耦合理论，建立了水力压裂和瓦斯抽采的煤层流固耦合模型，包括和水运移场、应力场以及孔隙度、渗透率演化方程，并采用Comsol联合Matlab求解，研究了不同钻孔间距时压裂和抽采过程中煤层弹模、损伤值、渗透率、瓦斯压力、抽采量和压裂贯通时间的变化规律。结果表明:耦合模型可较准确地模拟煤层水力压裂和瓦斯抽采过程；压裂贯通时间与钻孔间距呈指数增长关系；在马堡煤矿，当钻孔间距为4~8 m时，压裂损伤区在抽采孔贯通，渗透率呈“n”型曲线，瓦斯抽采后，瓦斯压力迅速下降，抽采有效区随间距的增加而增大；当钻孔间距为9~12 m时，压裂损伤区未贯通，煤层渗透率呈“m”型曲线，抽采有效区随间距的增加而减小，与间距4~8 m相比，瓦斯抽采量较小。     

臭氧氧化—湿式钙法吸收工艺对烟气的同时脱硫脱硝

采用臭氧氧化—湿式钙法吸收工艺对模拟烟气进行同时脱硫脱硝处理。O₃于150 ℃下具有较高的热稳定性,可将NO氧化为高价态氮氧化物,且NO氧化率随n（O₃）∶n（NO）的增大而逐渐提高。烟气中SO₂和H₂O的存在对NO氧化率的影响不大。O₃对SO₂的氧化率较低,约为5%。3%（w）石灰石浆液对SO₂的吸收率接近100%,NO_x吸收率随n（O₃）∶n（NO）的增大而逐渐提高,当n（O₃）∶n（NO）为1.6时NO_x吸收率可达约65%。SO₂能促进吸收液对NO_x的脱除。石灰石浆液中加入0.2%（w）的（NH₄）₂SO₃或Na₂SO₃后NO_x吸收率可达约85%或82%,且吸收率随添加剂加入量的增加而提高,添加（NH₄）₂SO₃的NO_x吸收率略高于添加Na₂SO₃。     

基于FDS的加油站便利店火灾模拟

为了研究加油站便利店火灾的发展规律，选择合理的疏散路线，使用 FDS软件对某加油站便利店进行火灾数值模拟。通过观察烟气扩散和动态升温过程，分析便利店的烟气扩散和升温规律，对比分析不同疏散路线上温度、烟气层高度和能见度的数据变化规律，分析选择不同疏散路线对人员安全疏散的影响。结果表明:在无火灾报警设备的情况下，卫生间等有隔断的设施会延迟设施内人员获得火灾信息的时间,不利于安全疏散；同等高度下靠墙区域受高温烟气影响较中央开阔区域更大；疏散时选择合理的疏散路线可以显著延长安全疏散时间。     

Effects of EGR on performance and emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with balanites aegyptiaca/diesel blends

In this study, balanites Aegyptiaca (L.) Del biodiesel was blended in proportions of 10% and 20% on the volume basis with diesel fuel and tested in a single cylinder, VCR diesel engine under measured load conditions with varied EGR rates (0, 10 and 20%). The results showed that B10 and B20 blends shown a significant reduction rate in terms of NO_x emissions that were familiar with biodiesel blends. At peak load conditions, BTE increased slightly for test fuel blends compared with pure diesel fuel while the BSFC rate and EGT suffered from increasing and decreasing nature with respect to blending percentage. From the emissions point of view, with the increase in blends percentage, a significant reduction rate is observed in terms of CO and HC concentrations (up to 12.34 and 17.5%, respectively) while NOx emissions decreased at peak load conditions (up to 24.34%). HC and CO emissions decreased with increase in blends percentage. However, lower levels of NO_x and EGT (up to 21.37 and 8.47%, respectively) and the average increase in terms of BTE and BSFC (up to 2.83 and 2.9%, respectively) can be realised with B20 test fuel blend under 20% EGR rate.     

密相塔半干法烟气脱硫塔内加湿降温及其对脱硫效率的影响

为了实现密相塔半干法脱硫工艺的精确加湿进一步提高系统脱硫效率,利用推导出的传热传质计算方法,得到烟气温度降低和加水量的关系.结合3组密相塔半干法工程实际数据,发现理论计算值和实测值误差区间仅为2.9％ ～5.4％.通过选取河北某钢厂210 m2烧结烟气密相塔半干法脱硫项目实际在线检测数据,发现循环脱硫灰含湿量为3％的系统脱硫效率整体高于含湿量为5％和4％的样品,最大值达93.56％.通过粒度分析、扫描电镜、X射线衍射及差热-热重对2种不同含湿量的循环脱硫灰进行表征,结果表明,含湿量为3％的循环脱硫灰较含湿量为5％的样品粒径小、比表面积大,无团聚现象,物相分析还证实相对于含湿量为5％样品,其Ca(OH)2和结晶水含量少,几乎都是CaSO4和CaS03干态物质,因此脱硫反应进行彻底,脱硫效率较高.     

全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法分离复杂体系中7种指示剂 多氯联苯

采用全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法(GC×GC TOF-MS)分析了混标样品Aroclor 1260、Aroclor 1254、Aroclor 1242中的多氯联苯(PCBs)单体,考察了在复杂体系下对7种PCBs指示剂的分离能力。结果表明,与优化柱系统的分离效果相比,136种单体的混标样品中共分离出121种单体,7种指示剂经一维和二维的保留时间及质谱定性,在121种单体的2D斑点图中清晰可辨。全二维对于复杂体系的PCBs和指示剂的分离表明其强大的分离能力和对于检测复杂体系中指示剂的分辨能力,对该类物质的定性和定量检测具有重要意义。     

平煤十矿底板巷穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采模拟研究

为了降低平煤十矿己15-16-24130工作面运输巷掘进中的突出危险性，基于实际工程背景，考虑瓦斯抽采中的瓦斯运移及煤岩变形等因素，建立了瓦斯抽采气固耦合模型，并利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件对平煤十矿己15-16煤层的底板巷穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采方案进行数值模拟，研究了瓦斯抽采对于降低掘进过程中突出危险性的影响。研究结果表明:在己18煤层开挖底板巷对己15-16煤层进行穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采，瓦斯抽采180 d后，己15-16-24130工作面运输巷附近煤层残余瓦斯压力及瓦斯含量分别降至0.315 MPa和3.84 m3/t；将底板巷穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采方案进行工程应用，实测抽采后的残余瓦斯压力及瓦斯含量在0.32 MPa和3.17 m3/t，均小于平煤十矿煤与瓦斯突出防治规定的“双6”指标（残余瓦斯压力小于0.6 MPa，残余瓦斯含量小于6 m3/t），可有效降低运输巷掘进过程中的突出危险性。