海水中微量镍的吸附溶出伏安法分析研究

在1.0mol/L氯化铵缓冲溶液中,加入丁二酮肟,镍(Ni(Ⅱ))于-0.95V处产生灵敏的极谱波.通过对电解质选择,仪器参数优化,建立脉冲伏安法测定海水中镍的分析方法.线性范围为0.38～10.0/μg/L,最小检出限0.10μg/L,样品加标回收率97%～101%,相对标准偏差小于4.9%.该方法具有选择性好、灵敏度高、准确、简便的特点,适用于海水、饮用水和清洁地表水中痕量镍的检测.     

上海地区大气中氯化氢和颗粒氯排放源清单初步研究

氯自由基对于臭氧和二次气溶胶的生成贡献不容忽视.夜间颗粒相氯(Cl~-)可以通过与N_2O_5的复杂反应转化生成ClNO_2,其光解产生的氯自由基将显著影响大气污染的形成机制.本文以上海地区为案例,以2017年为基准年,收集了人为源活动水平数据,采用排放系数估算方法,首次建立了上海地区人为源氯化氢(HCl)和颗粒氯(Cl~-)的排放清单;并进一步结合模型计算海盐气溶胶排放的颗粒氯(Cl~-).结果表明,2017年上海市人为源和天然源排放的HCl和Cl~-分别为1207 t和820 t,其中,燃煤、工业、垃圾焚烧和秸秆燃烧产生的HCl排放量分别为327、134、722和24 t.燃煤源中的燃煤电厂和其它行业燃烧约占燃煤源排放的80%;工业源中水泥为HCl的最大排放源,约占工业源排放的51%;垃圾焚烧厂排放约占总HCl排放的60%,为最大的HCl排放源.燃煤、工业源、垃圾焚烧、秸秆焚烧、烹饪源和海盐的颗粒Cl~-排放量分别为82、153、498、47、39和0.6 t,燃煤源中的燃煤电厂占燃煤Cl~-排放的40%,供热、其他行业和家庭燃烧分别占燃煤Cl~-排放的24%、22%和14%;钢铁行业为工业源的主要Cl~-排放源,约占工业源排放的90%,垃圾焚烧厂占全部Cl~-排放的61%,烹饪源中餐饮企业为最主要排放源,占烹饪源的70%;天然源海盐的排放量极少,未占到总排放的1%.从空间分布来看,浦东新区、宝山、普陀、松江和金山排放的HCl和Cl~-占到全市人为源总排放的80%,为主要的HCl和Cl~-排放区域.本文研究建立的上海地区大气中氯化氢和颗粒氯排放源清单,对于深入研究氯化学机制对二次污染的影响提供了重要的数据参考.     

Kitchen waste valorization through a mild-temperature pretreatment to enhance biogas production and fermentability: Kinetics study in mesophilic and thermophilic regimen

Biowaste valorization through anaerobic digestion is an attractive option to achieve both climate protection goals and renewable energy production. In this paper, a complete set of batch trials was carried out on kitchen waste to investigate the effects of mild thermal pretreatment, temperature regimen and substrate/inoculum ratio. Thermal pretreatment was effective in the solubilisation of macromolecular fractions, particularly carbohydrates. The ability of the theoretical methodologies in estimating hydrogen and methane yields of complex substrates was evaluated by comparing the experimental results with the theoretical values. Despite the single batch configuration, a significant initial hydrogen production was observed, prior to methane yield. Main pretreatment effect was the gain in hydrogen production; the extent was highly variable according to the other parameters values. High hydrogen yields, up to 113 mL H2/g VSfed, were related to the prompt transformation of soluble sugars. Thermophilic regimen resulted, as expected, in faster digestions (up to 78 mL CH₄/gVS/day) and sorted out pH inhibition. The relatively low methane yields (342–398 mL CH₄/g VS_fed) were the result of the consistent lignocellulosic content and low lipid content. Thermal pretreatment proved to be a promising option for the enhancement of hydrogen production in food waste dark fermentation.     

Enhanced cyanogen chloride formation after UV/PS and UV/H2O2 pre-oxidation and chlorination in natural river water

Ultraviolet/persulfate (UV/PS) and Ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H₂O₂) have attracted much attention in recent years as advanced oxidation processes for water treatment. However, it is not all clear how these two methods affect the formation of cyanogen chloride (CNCl) in the subsequent water chlorination process. In this study, it was found that both UV/H₂O₂ and UV/PS pre-oxidation promoted the formation of CNCl in six actual water samples collected from urban rivers. Glycine, uric acid, arginine and histidine were investigated as the model compounds to explore the effects of different methods on the production of CNCl. The results showed that compared with chlorination alone, pre-oxidation by UV/H₂O₂ and UV/PS can reduce the production of CNCl for glycine and uric acid by up to 95% during post-chlorination process. However, they can greatly promote the formation of CNCl for arginine and histidine by up to 120-fold. In a more detailed investigation, pre-oxidation of histidine formed highly reactive intermediates to chlorine, leading to increased CNCl formation and chlorine consumption. The results showed that the precursors of CNCl was altered after pre-oxidation, and need to be re-evaluated.     

聚合氯化铝铁检验方法研究

聚合氯化铝铁是一种新型净水剂,它结合铝系和铁系净水剂的优点,有助于减少水中铅含量。利用《水处理剂聚合氯化铅(GB15892-1995)》和《净化剂聚合氯化铁(GB14591-93)》的方法,对聚合氯化铅铁主要技术指标的检验做了探索。经反复实验,取得了较好的效果。     

从自燃煤矸石中提取聚合铝铁(PAFC)的试验研究

采用盐酸酸浸的方法从自燃煤矸石中提取聚合铝铁，对煤矸石的粉碎粒径、酸浸盐酸的浓度及用量、酸浸的温度等工艺条件进行了试验研究。结果表明，从100g自燃煤矸石中，可提取19．85g固体聚合铝铁，成品的Al2O3含量33％、Fe2O3含量16％、盐基度70％。     

电解制备聚合铝过程中Alb形态生成条件研究

考察了电解法制备聚合铝过程中AIb的最佳形成条件。AIb的形成与电流密度、极板间距、电解液的温度、铝的浓度以及电解时间等因素有关。在制备AI浓度为2．0mol/L的聚合氯化铝时，最佳的电流密度和极板间距分别为1．1A／dm^2和10mm。由于电化学过程中产生的不均匀的界面pH差值较大而生成较多的AI（OH）4^-作为AIb结构的结晶核心，因此能形成更多的AIb聚合形态。     

氯化钠抑制下乙酸厌氧降解的动力学模型

作者利用五个实验室规模的完全混合反应器进行较长时间的半连续培养,研究在氯化钠抑制下乙酸盐的厌氧降解。结果表明,在不同条件下运行的反应器内,存在优势菌群的显著差异,因此在不同条件下运行的反应器对抑制有不同的响应。作者引入抑制因子的概念,建立了在氯化钠抑制下乙酸厌氧降解的动力学模型。同时指出反应器运行条件与菌群组成的联系以及菌群组成的差别对反应器运行状况的影响,在废水生物处理的动力学模型研究中应给予足够的重视。     

氯化橡胶的清洁生产

通过氯化橡胶的清洁生产审计，改进氯化工序的设备结构及尾气吸收工艺，提高氯气利用率，并把工艺气变成可利用的工业产品，取得显著的环境效益和经济效益。     

Effects of Ca2+ ions antagonistic to Al3+ ions poisoningin root growth , cell division and nucleolusin root tip cells of Allium cepa

The effects of different aluminium chloride concentrations together with varying calciumchloride concentrations on root growth, cell division and nucleoli in root tip cells of Allium cepa werestudied. The concentrations used for aluminium chloride were 10^-4, 10^-3 and 10^-2 mol/L ; and for calcium chloride were 10^-5 , 10^-4 , 10^-3 and 10^-2 mol/L, respectively. The results showed that after thetreatments with 10^-2 to 10^-3 mol/L Al³⁺ , root growth was severely inhibited , a large nurnber of thecells with c-mitosis were induced and the nucleolar material was extruded from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. However , the treatments with 10^-2 to 10^-3 mol/L of Al³⁺ together with 10^-2)to 10^-5 mol/LCa²⁺ suggested that Ca²⁺ gave the obviously protective effects against Al³⁺ poisoning in root growth.cell division and nucleoli of the root tip cells in A. cepa. The possible mechanism of these protective effects of Ca²⁺) is also briefly discussed.