小清河水体和沿岸地下水中有机污染物的监测及其毒性分析

本文对小清河水体和沿岸地下水中的有机污染物进行了色－质联用分析，共检出有机污染物１３类９３种。并对其毒性效应进行了分析和评价。  

汞对有效微生物的毒性效应

用琼脂扩散抑菌法研究了重金属Hg^2 和EM有效微生物的毒性效应。通过观察抑菌圈直径的变化，可判断重金属Hg^2 对EM有效微生物的毒害作用，并且其毒害作用是随着Hg^2 质量浓度的增加而增加，即存在明显的“剂量－反应”关系。  

An evaluation of selenium concentrations in water, sediment, invertebrates, and fish from the Solomon River Basin

The Solomon River Basin is located in north-central Kansas in an area underlain by marine geologic shales. Selenium is an indigenous constituent of these shales and is readily leached into the surrounding groundwater. Portions of the Basin are irrigated primarily through the pumping of selenium-contaminated groundwater from wells onto fields in agricultural production. Water, sediment, macroinvertebrates, and fish were collected from various sites in the Basin in 1998 and analyzed for selenium. Selenium concentrations were analyzed spatially and temporally and compared to reported selenium toxic effect thresholds for specific ecosystem components: water, sediments, food-chain organisms, and wholebody fish. A selenium aquatic hazard assessment for the Basin was determined based on protocol established by Lemly. Throughout the Basin, water, macroinvertebrate, and whole fish samples exceeded levels suspected of causing reproductive impairment in fish. Population structures of several fish species implied that successful reproduction was occurring; however, the influence of immigration of fish from low-selenium habitats could not be discounted. Site-specific fish reproduction studies are needed to determine the true impact of selenium on fishery resources in the Basin. The U.S. Government’s right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.  

氯胺酮对水生生物的毒性效应及生态风险评估

通过检索在国内外期刊发表的文献中关于我国河流、湖泊中氯胺酮(KET)的数据，评估其在地表水中的暴露水平，利用风险商（RQ）初步分析KET在我国部分地表水环境中的生态风险。结果表明，我国地表水中KET的检出率为20%~100%，最高检出值为420 ng/L，基于发育、繁殖和行为等慢性毒性数据推导出的预测无效应浓度（PNEC）为1.36×10^-6mg/L；基于慢性毒性计算的风险商值为0.03~36.76，表明我国地表水中KET存在风险，其中台湾淡水河、金梅河和广东珠江具有高风险，而北方大部分河流潜在风险较低。  

基于生物导向的水生态健康监测及评估概述

环境监测是水生态健康监测与评估的重要环节，基于物理、化学监测的传统水质监测通常仅能提供独立的数据信息，不能全面、直观地反映水环境状况。基于生物等生命体导向的水生态监测通过生物对环境的响应，能够直接反应复杂水体状况，在水环境健康监测与评估中占据重要地位。基于病原微生物、指示生物介绍了生物监测中的常规生物指标，总结了包括藻类、无脊椎动物和鱼类在内的常见指示生物在不同类型污染水体中的环境指示作用。从生物毒性效应出发介绍了常用的毒性效应测试方法、分析了污染物在不同生物学水平的响应，从而指明生物毒性效应在水环境健康评估中的发展优势。再从生态完整性角度阐述了生态完整性评价的一般方法和新兴分子生物学技术在水生态健康评估中的应用。重点指出环境毒理学和分子生物学在水环境监测的优势，以期为更加科学精确地进行水生态健康监测预警提供支撑。