标准石英粉尘及青石棉直接诱导8-羟基脱氧鸟苷加合物形成的研究

应用液相色谱结合电化学检测技术,研究了标准石英粉尘和青石棉体外诱导DNA分子氧化损伤产生加合物8羟基脱氧鸟苷的形成与机制.结果表明,石英粉尘和青石棉均可致DNA分子氧化损伤并形成8羟基脱氧鸟苷,但青石棉作用强于石英粉尘;石英粉尘和青石棉对H2O2氧化DNA的催化能力有较大差异.标准石英粉尘和青石棉,具有直接的遗传毒性;两者诱导DNA分子形成强致突变的8羟基鸟苷可能是其潜在的致癌机制之一.     

Monitoring urban growth and detecting land-cover changes on the Istanbul metropolitan area

Istanbul is the most populated city of Turkey with a population of around 10.58 M (2000) living on around 5,750 km². In 1980, the population was only 4.7 M and then it has been more than doubled in only two decades. The population has been increasing as a result of mass immigration. An urbanization process continues and it causes serious increases in urban areas while decreasing the amount of green areas. This rapid, uncontrolled, and illegal urbanization accompanied by insufficient infrastructure has caused degradation of forest and barren lands in the metropolitan area, especially through the last two decades. The watershed basins inside the metropolitan area and the transportation network have accelerated the land-cover changes, which have negative impacts on water quality of the basins. Monitoring urban growth and land cover change will enable better management of this complex urban area by the Greater Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (GIMM). A temporal assessment of land-cover changes of Istanbul has been documented in this study. The study mainly focuses on the acquisition and analysis of Landsat TM and Landsat GeoCover LC satellite images reflecting the significant land-cover changes between the years of 1990 and 2005. Raster data were converted to vector data and used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A database was created for Istanbul metropolitan area to plan, manage, and utilize statistical attribute data covering population, water, forest, industry, and topographic position. Consequently an overlay analysis was carried out and land use/cover changes through years have been detected for the case study area. The capability of Landsat images in determining the alterations in the macro form of the city are also discussed.     

Progress and challenges in consolidating the management of Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories

Effective management refers to the ability of a protected area or indigenous territory to meet its objectives, particularly as they relate to the protection of biodiversity and forest cover. Effective management is achieved through a process of consolidation, which among other things requires legally protecting sites, integrating sites into land‐use planning, developing and implementing management and resource‐use plans, and securing long‐term funding to pay for recurrent costs. Effectively managing all protected areas and indigenous territories in the Amazon may be needed to avoid a deforestation tipping point beyond which regional climatic feedbacks and global climate change interact to catalyze irreversible drying and savannization of large areas. At present, protected areas and indigenous territories cover 45.5% (3.55 million km²) of the Amazon, most of the 60–70% forest cover required to maintain hydrologic and climatic function. Three independent evaluations of a long‐term large‐scale philanthropic initiative in the Amazon yielded insights into the challenges and advances toward achieving effective management of protected areas and indigenous territories. Over the life of the initiative, management of sites has improved considerably, particularly with respect to management planning and capacity building, but few sites are effectively managed and many lack sufficient long‐term financing, adequate governance, support of nongovernmental organizations, and the means to withstand economic pressures. The time and money required to complete consolidation is still poorly understood, but it is clear that philanthropic funding is critical so long as essential funding needs are not met by governments and other sources, which could be on the order of decades. Despite challenges, it is encouraging that legal protection has expanded greatly and management of sites is improving steadily. Management of protected areas in other developing countries could be informed by improvements that have occurred in Amazonian countries.     

Understanding implications of consumer behavior for wildlife farming and sustainable wildlife trade

Unsustainable wildlife trade affects biodiversity and the livelihoods of communities dependent upon those resources. Wildlife farming has been proposed to promote sustainable trade, but characterizing markets and understanding consumer behavior remain neglected but essential steps in the design and evaluation of such operations. We used sea turtle trade in the Cayman Islands, where turtles have been farm raised for human consumption for almost 50 years, as a case study to explore consumer preferences toward wild‐sourced (illegal) and farmed (legal) products and potential conservation implications. Combining methods innovatively (including indirect questioning and choice experiments), we conducted a nationwide trade assessment through in‐person interviews from September to December 2014. Households were randomly selected using disproportionate stratified sampling, and responses were weighted based on district population size. We approached 597 individuals, of which 37 (6.2%) refused to participate. Although 30% of households had consumed turtle in the previous 12 months, the purchase and consumption of wild products was rare (e.g., 64–742 resident households consumed wild turtle meat [i.e., 0.3–3.5% of households] but represented a large threat to wild turtles in the area due to their reduced populations). Differences among groups of consumers were marked, as identified through choice experiments, and price and source of product played important roles in their decisions. Despite the long‐term practice of farming turtles, 13.5% of consumers showed a strong preference for wild products, which demonstrates the limitations of wildlife farming as a single tool for sustainable wildlife trade. By using a combination of indirect questioning, choice experiments, and sales data to investigate demand for wildlife products, we obtained insights about consumer behavior that can be used to develop conservation‐demand‐focused initiatives. Lack of data from long‐term social–ecological assessments hinders the evaluation of and learning from wildlife farming. This information is key to understanding under which conditions different interventions (e.g., bans, wildlife farming, social marketing) are likely to succeed.     

K2S2O8氧化吸收NO的热力学与传质分析

一氧化氮（NO）是燃煤锅炉烟气中的主要污染物,因其是酸雨和光化学烟雾的前体物而受到广泛关注。采用K2S2O8作为氧化剂开展了其对模拟烟气中NO的氧化去除研究,并分析了K2S2O8氧化脱硝反应的热力学过程以及NO从气相主体到液相主体的传质过程。结果显示：以K2S2O8为氧化剂氧化NO的总反应吉布斯自由能为-659.69 kJ·mol-1,小于零,说明该反应是自发过程;气液传质分析表明NO气体的吸收传质速率主要由液膜控制。实验采用添加Fe （Ⅱ） EDTA的方法增大化学反应对液相传质速率的放大系数,致使液膜传质阻力减小,从而使NO的去除率从30%提高至91.6%。该结果为K2S2O8湿法氧化脱硝工艺的后续研究和应用提供了理论参考和技术支持。     

重大自然灾害后遗体处置应急预案研究

重大自然灾害发生后一般都会伴随着大量人员的遇难,及时妥善处置灾后众多遇难者遗体,是许多国家面临的棘手问题。借鉴我国唐山7.8级地震和汶川8.0级地震中遗体应急处置的经验与教训,从遗体的搜集、存放、运输、消毒、防腐、保存、火化、掩埋等方面,探索遗体处理应急预案的程序与内容,从而提高政府应对重大自然灾害后大量遗体的应急处置能力,全面保障灾区群众的身心健康。     

Emergence of Indigenous Vegetation Classifications Through Integration of Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Remote Sensing Analyses

Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) can play an important role in the understanding of ecological systems. Although TEK has complemented scientific and managerial programs in a variety of contexts, its formal incorporation into remote sensing exercises has to date been limited. Here, we show that the vegetation classifications of the Ache, an indigenous hunter-gatherer tribe of the Mbaracayu Forest Reserve in Paraguay, are reflected in a supervised classification of satellite imagery of the reserve. Accuracy of classification was toward the low end of the range of published values, but was reasonable given the difficult nature of separating forest classes from satellite images. Comparison of the resultant map with a more traditionally elaborated vegetation map highlights differences between the two approaches and the gain in information obtained by considering TEK classifications. We suggest that integration of TEK and remote sensing may provide alternative insights into the ecology of vegetation communities and land cover, particularly in remote and densely forested areas where ecological field research is often limited by roads and/or trail systems.     

Landsat7 ETM+ SLC-OFF数据的修复及其在武汉东湖水质反演中的应用

自从2003年5月31日,从陆地卫星 7发回的ETM+图像数据就存在缺陷。这是由于增强专题制图仪的扫描线校正器发生故障引起的。这些称为SLC OF数据的图像有一些黑色的不存在任何数据的扫描行。丢失的数据约占全景数据的25％,使它们难以正常使用。但是,数据本身仍然保留了良好的辐射和几何性质,如加以妥善修复,仍可以在一些特殊领域中使用。首先介绍了如何使用自适应局部回归算法(ALR)恢复这些图像,然后使用修复后的图像反演武汉东湖的水质参数。结果表明：ALR算法可以对SLC OF图像进行较好的修复,而且利用修复后的图像和东湖的地面水质监测数据,通过多元逐步回归分析,可以建立很好的叶绿素a、透明度、总磷以及总氮等水质参数的经验遥感反演模型,模型的相关系数R²分别为0.86、0.75、0.73和0.71。反演得到的水质参数分布与实际情况符合。这些数据有许多优点,如空间分辨率高、存档数据非常丰富、可以从NASA的服务器免费下载等。在其他遥感数据不足或无法获得的情况下,这些数据经过适当的修复,可以作为补充或替代数据使用。〖     

RIDGE REGRESSION TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO LANDSAT INVESTIGATION OF WATER QUALITY IN LAKE OKEECHOBEE1

ABSTRACT: Landsat radiance values were processed at two different (single and double) levels of accuracy to estimate chlorophyll a, turbidity, and suspended sediment in Lake Okeechobee, Florida. Both ordinary least square and ridge regression analyses were used to establish a relationship between water quality parameters and Landsat radiance. Radiance measurements made at greater precision (double level) gave a better solution in this application. The ridge regression analysis for double level not only can reduce the total mean square error about 13–20 percent and confidence interval about 6–28 percent as compared to ordinary least square analysis, but it can also change the interpretation of analysis results.