双柱双检测器气相色谱法同时进样分析非甲烷烃

介绍了用双柱双氢火焰离子化检测器同时进样气相色谱法分析气体样品中非甲烷烃.经过与现有方法的比较,该方法具有平行性更好、数据更准确、分析速度快等优点,各项指标均大大优于现行标准HJ/T 38-1999中的数据.通过软硬件的改进,解决了以前非甲烷烃在分析中由于在时间上所引起的数据倒置、分析误差等问题.  

Biotic landfill cover treatments for mitigating methane emissions

Landfill methane (CH₄) emissions have been cited as one ofthe anthropogenic gas releases that can and should be controlledto reduce global climate change. This article reviews recent research that identifies ways to enhance microbial consumptionof the gas in the aerobic portion of a landfill cover. Use of these methods can augment CH₄ emission reductions achievedby gas collection or provide a sole means to consume CH₄ atsmall landfills that do not have active gas collection systems.Field studies indicate that high levels of CH₄ removal can be achieved by optimizing natural soil microbial processes. Further, during biotic conversion, not all of the CH₄ carbonis converted to carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas and released to theatmosphere; some of it will be sequestered in microbial biomass.Because biotic covers can employ residuals from other municipalprocesses, financial benefits can also accrue from avoided costsfor residuals disposal.  

自动进样及气体分流技术测定气体中非甲烷总烃

采用自动进样和气体分流技术,双柱双FID检测器气相色谱法测定气体中的非甲烷总烃,实现了非甲烷总烃的连续自动分析,同时一次进样即可得到甲烷和总烃的数据。方法的检出限为0.05 mg/m3,测定的相对标准偏差在0.7%~1.8%内,非甲烷总烃的加标回收率为96.0%~98.5%。与传统手动进样法相比,本方法具有重复性好、操作简单、省时高效等优点,可大大提高气体中非甲烷总烃的分析效率和准确度。  

Municipal solid waste management in Thailand and disposal emission inventory

The increasing municipal solid waste (MSW) generation along with the high fraction of organic waste and a common disposal of open dumping is the current scenario in many areas in Thailand. As a response to this problem, the country’s Pollution Control Department (PCD) aims to reduce the MSW generation rate to less than 1 kg/capita/day, increase the collection efficiency, and improve the recovery of recyclables. For many years, more than 60% of the solid waste disposal system in Thailand has been carried out by open dumping. According to the survey conducted by this study, in 2004 there were 425 disposal sites (95 landfills; 330 open dumps) in Thailand and an estimated methane emission of 115.4 Gg/year was generated based on this practice. It has been estimated that the anticipated methane emission in Thailand will rise from 115.4 Gg/year to 118.5 Gg/year if the largest open dumpsites in provinces with no existing landfill are upgraded to sanitary landfill; and it will increase to 193.5 Gg/year if the existing sanitary landfill is upgraded to integrated waste management facilities. Moreover, Bangkok metropolitan have the highest methane emission (54.83 Gg/year) among all the regions in Thailand. The methane emission forecast of 339 Gg/year by 2020 (based on LandGEM methodology) provides a stimulus to create a comprehensive plan to capture and utilize methane as an energy source.  

Invasive species and coal bed methane development in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming

One of the fastest growing areas of natural gas production is coal bed methane (CBM) due to the large monetary returns and increased demand for energy from consumers. The Powder River Basin, Wyoming is one of the most rapidly expanding areas of CBM development with projections of the establishment of up to 50,000 wells. CBM disturbances may make the native ecosystem more susceptible to invasion by non-native species, but there are few studies that have been conducted on the environmental impacts of this type of resource extraction. To evaluate the potential effects of CBM development on native plant species distribution and patterns of non-native plant invasion, 36 modified Forest Inventory and Analysis plots (each comprised of four 168-m² subplots) were established in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming. There were 73 168-m² subplots on control sites; 42 subplots on secondary disturbances; 14 on major surface disturbances; eight on well pads; and seven on sites downslope of CBM wells water discharge points. Native plant species cover ranged from 39.5 ± 2.7% (mean ± 1 SE) in the secondary disturbance subplots to 17.7 ± 7.5% in the pad subplots. Non-native plant species cover ranged from 31.0 ± 8.4% in the discharge areas to 14.7 ± 8.9% in the pad subplots. The control subplots had significantly less non-native species richness than the combined disturbance types. The combined disturbance subplots had significantly greater soil salinity than the control sites. These results suggest that CBM development and associated disturbances may facilitate the establishment of non-native plants. Future research and management decisions should consider the accumulative landscape-scale effects of CBM development on preserving native plant diversity.  

Effect of the Carbohydrate Composition of feed Concentratates on Methane Emission from dairy Cows and Their Slurry

Dietary carbohydrate effects on methane emission from cows and their slurry were measured on an individual animal basis. Twelve dairy cows were fed three of six diets each (n = 6 per diet) of a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 1:1 (dry matter basis), and designed to cover the cows’ requirements. The forages consisted of maize and grass silage, and hay. Variations were exclusively accomplished in the concentrates which were either rich in lignified or non-lignified fiber, pectin, fructan, sugar or starch. To measure methane emission, cows were placed into open-circuit respiration chambers and slurry was stored for 14 weeks in 60-L barrels with slurry being intermittently connected to this system. The enteric and slurry organic matter digestibility and degradation was highest when offering Jerusalem artichoke tubers rich in fructan, while acid-detergent fiber digestibility and degradation were highest in cows and slurries with the soybean hulls diet rich in non-lignified fiber. Multiple regression analysis, based on nutrients either offered or digested, suggested that, when carbohydrate variation is done in concentrate, sugar enhances enteric methanogenesis. The methane emission from the slurry accounted for 16.0 to 21.9% of total system methane emission. Despite a high individual variation, the methane emission from the slurry showed a trend toward lower values, when the dietwas characterized by lignified fiber, a diet where enteric methane release also had been lowest. The study disproved the assumption that a lower enteric methanogenesis, associated with a higher excretion of fiber, will inevitably lead to compensatory increases in methane emission during slurry storage.  

Methane emissions of differently fed dairy cows and corresponding methane and nitrogen emissions from their manure during storage

This study investigated the effects of supplementing 40 g lauric acid (C₁₂) kg^-1 dry matter (DM) in feed on methane emissions from early-lactating dairy cows and the associated effects on methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia release from the manure during storage. Stearic acid (C₁₈), a fatty acid without assumed methane-suppressing potential in the digestive tract of ruminants, was added at 40 g kg^-1 DM to a control diet. The complete feed consisted of forage and concentrate in a ratio of 1.5:1 (DM basis). The manure was stored for 14 weeks either as complete slurry or, separately, as urine-rich slurry and farmyard manure representing two common storage systems. Methane release of the cows, as measured in respiratory chambers, was lower with C₁₂ by about 20%, but this was mostly resulting from a reduced feed intake and, partly, from a lower rate of fibre digestion. As milk yield declined less than feed intake, methane emission per kg of milk was significantly lower with C₁₂ (11.4 g) than with C₁₈ (14.0 g). Faeces of C₁₂-fed cows had a higher proportion of undigested fibre and accordingly methane release from their manure was higher compared with the manure obtained from the C₁₈-fed cows. Overall, manure-derived methane accounted for8.2% and 15.4% of total methane after 7 and 14 weeks of storage, respectively. The evolution of methane widely differed between manure types and dietary treatments, with a retarded onset of release in complete slurry particularly in the C₁₂ treatment. Emissions of nitrous oxide were lower in the manures from the C₁₂ treatment. This partially compensated for the higher methane release from the C₁₂ manure with respect to the greenhouse gas potential. The total greenhouse gas potential (cow and manure together) accounted for 8.7 and 10.5 kg equivalents of CO₂ cow^-1 d^-1with C₁₂ and C₁₈, respectively. At unaffected urine-N proportion ammonia and total nitrogen losses from stored manure were lower with C₁₂ than with C₁₈ corresponding to the differences in feed and nitrogen intake. The present results suggest that manure storage significantly contributes to total methane emission from dairy husbandry, and that the identification of effective dietary mitigation strategies has to consider both the digestive tract of the animals and the corresponding manure.  

Methane emissions from ricefields as affected by organic amendment, water regime, crop establishment, and rice cultivar

Methane fluxes from Beijing ricefields as affected by organic amendment, water regime, crop establishment method, and rice cultivar were measured with a closed chamber method in 1990, 1991, 1995, and 1996. Total fluxes from plots receiving high organic amendment always exceeded those from the low-input plots. Compared with continuous flooding, intermittent irrigation (there were a few days of no standing water between two irrigations) and constant moisture (the field had no standing water, but remained saturated) reduced methane emission rate by 25.4 and 58.4%, respectively. Methane flux from a dry-seeded rice field was 75.2% lower than from a transplanted ricefield although both dry-seeded rice plots and transplanted ricefields were initially flooded at the same time. Rice cultivars differed in methane emission rates by 9.0–55.7%. Emission rates were positively correlated with aboveground dry matter production and root weight, but not grain yield. Intermittent irrigation and rice cultivar seem to be the most promising methods for mitigating methane emission from ricefields; they do not affect rice yield and are easily implemented at the farm level.  

气相色谱法检测废气中甲烷、非甲烷总烃的问题研究

气相色谱法检测废气中甲烷、非甲烷总烃的方法存在诸多问题。针对标准参考气体的选择、采样方式、样品保存、配气方式、仪器配置等方面做了重点研究。结果表明,使用甲烷作为标准参考气体最佳,根据污染源的实际状况,可选择动力采样或玻璃注射器手动采样。样品气保存在惰性气袋中比玻璃注射器更好,实验分析更推荐双柱配置的气相色谱,手工配制标准气系列、使用填充柱也可很好的满足检测的质量要求。  

南京市臭氧、VOCs和PANs污染特征及变化趋势

对2013—2016年基于国家环境空气质量监测站以及省建大气多参数站所获取的南京市O_3、NO_2、CO、VOCs、PANs观测结果进行综合评价,结果表明:2016年南京市O_3第90百分位日最大8 h平均质量浓度比2013年上升33.3%,超标天数中O_3引起的超标占比增至32.0%。南京市区大气中非甲烷总烃冬季浓度高于夏季,含氧挥发性有机物则与之相反;在5—9月,含氧挥发性有机物组分在日变化过程中出现峰值的时间先后顺序依次为醚、醛、酮类,且O_3和过氧乙酰硝酸酯(PANs)生成存在有一定的线性关系。VOCs/NOx比值表明南京市处于VOCs控制区,因此对NO_2浓度下降不敏感,植物源挥发性有机物连续3年上升,夏季大气光化学反应活性未显著下降,这些现象是城市O_3浓度维持在较高水平的重要因素。