Misoperation monitoring and early warning during startup and shutdown of petrochemical units

Most petrochemical units run under extreme conditions, such as high temperatures, pressures, and speeds. Consequently, the equipment operators may commit errors because the startup and shutdown processes usually involve complicated operation steps; moreover, the operators may lack experience in handling abnormal situations. Misoperation can lead to accidents, including fires and explosions. Thus, risk analysis for process operations and the development of preventive measures have become an effective means of avoiding misoperation-related accidents. However, it is challenging to ensure the comprehensiveness of risk-analysis results. In this paper, we present a method for misoperation monitoring and early warning in the startup and shutdown processes of petrochemical units. The mechanisms of misoperation occurrence are summarized based on investigations of serious accidents in the recent past. Knowledge regarding the mechanisms of misoperation is crucial for the risk analysis of petrochemical units. The potential risk information, such as causes, adverse consequences, key monitoring parameters, and prevention control solutions, should be acquired and be employed to construct an early-warning knowledge database. Furthermore, misoperation judgment rules need to be formulated to identify misoperations. The data obtained from the monitoring module, misoperation judgment rules, and analysis results can aid in developing schemes to avoid possible abnormal situations. This paper reports a misoperation monitoring and early-warning system for a hydrogenation unit. As demonstrated, conducting risk analysis to determine the potential operational risks and formulating misoperation judgment rules to analyze the process data are essential for enabling early warning. The application of this method will contribute to operational guidance, economic loss reduction, and accident avoidance.     

燃煤电厂超低排放气态污染物监测技术综述

介绍了燃煤电厂超低排放气态污染物监测系统的采样系统和分析单元,分析了其各自的优缺点。对稀释抽取式、冷干抽取式和热湿抽取式3种采样方法,以及非分散红外吸收法(NDIR)、非分散紫外吸收法(NDUV)、紫外差分吸收法(DOAS)、紫外荧光法(UVF)和化学发光法(CL)5种分析方法进行对比。结果表明,冷干抽取式+紫外差分法以及稀释抽取式+紫外荧光法+化学发光法可以较好地符合燃煤电厂超低排放监测的要求。     

关于我国环境空气质量监测点位设置的思考

设置各种空气质量监测点位时,应以监测网络的监测目的为根本出发点,并同时考虑点位功能和空间代表尺度、点位环境条件以及实际经济技术条件等因素。一个完整的环境空气质量监测网络应涵盖各类功能的监测点位,从而达到监测网络建设的多目标要求,然而空气质量监测点位的建设是一个不断发展和完善的过程。目前我国城市空气质量监测点以空气质量评价点为主,其目的是掌握城市整体空气质量状况和长期变化趋势,为环境管理和污染防治提供决策依据,但这类监测点位的功能相对单一,难以满足公众了解详尽的空气质量状况信息的需求。未来,随着监测投入的增加,我国应进一步完善地方监测网络建设,使之涵盖不同功能的监测点位,从而更好地为公众提供空气质量预警信息和健康指引。     

基于超低电容特性的微尘在线监测技术研究

为了更有效地测量工业烟尘排放浓度,研究了一种电容特性的微尘在线监测技术,利用电容传感器输出电压来反映粉尘质量。介绍了电容法测量粉尘量的原理、测量系统组成等,研究了粉尘质量与电容传感器输出电压的关系。对5种不同粉尘的测量结果进行分析表明,粉尘质量与电容传感器输出电压之间存在着一定的比例关系,其相关系数高达0.99。同时进行了微尘在线测量的研究,并采用电容特性曲线对测量系统进行了标定,从而验证了电容法在线微尘监测的可行性。     

Entry and toxicity of organic pesticides and copper in vineyard streams: Erosion rills jeopardise the efficiency of riparian buffer strips

The present study was performed to characterise in-stream pesticide exposure within the Palatinate vineyard region in south-west Germany, evaluate the influence of buffer strip widths and identify mitigation measures for the relevant entry pathways. In-stream water and sediment samples that were taken at nine sampling sites of different buffer widths following intense rainfall, and edge-of-field runoff that were sampled in erosion rills were analysed regarding 28 active ingredients of pesticides including copper. In-stream samples contained a mix of 8 ± 4 pesticide compounds, resulting in total pesticide concentrations of 1.4-8.9 μg l⁻¹ for water and 16-670 μg kg⁻¹ dw for sediment. Following an exceptional rainfall event with a previous 34-day drought period, pesticide concentrations reached 7.0-83.4 μg l⁻¹. Fungicides were the most important pesticides found and were significantly correlated with the pesticide application frequency and rate. The calculated toxicity values per sample (TU_max) indicated that both organic pesticides and copper concentrations likely cause ecotoxicological effects in the field. The buffer strip width was of little importance for pesticide in-stream concentrations because pesticide entry occurred mainly via the field path network and erosion rills. Pesticide in-stream concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with the concentrations detected in erosion rills (R² = 0.56). As possible risk mitigation measures, we suggest the implementation of grassed field paths and vegetated ditches or wetlands.     

解析日本空气环境质量标准体系

完善监测技术支撑体系,修订环境监测技术规范和分析方法是《国家环境监测“十二五”规划》的目标之一.2011年末,北京、上海、南京、济南等多个城市出现灰霾天气,空气环境质量标准成为热议话题;在此背景下,开展其他国家空气质量标准体系研究,可以为完善我国空气环境质量标准体系提供有效参考.日本在明治维新后开始近代工业发展,二战后更是进入经济高速发展阶段,伴随着工业化和城市化进程的不断深入和扩大,从而引发的环境问题也十分突出,治理空气污染是日本政府在上个世纪及本世纪的重要工作之一.根据日本空气环境质量标准文件、发布的监测数据和空气环境质量报告、日本中央环境审议会审议资料,并在查询大量相关资料的基础上,解析了日本空气环境质量标准体系的形成和主要内容,其空气质量标准由传统的空气污染物、大气中有害污染物质、Dioxins类物质和PM2.5四个部分组成.监测规范包括各类污染物监测技术手册及监测准则等内容.     

环境监测数据结果评价

环境监测是为了获得准确的环境信息数据,以便为环境评价、环境管理和环境治理提供依据。监测数据是否具有代表性,必须通过数据分析才能确定。文章通过介绍对监测数据的精密性、准确性和合理性检验,论述了监测数据的代表性。     

中国环境监测总站内蒙古生态监测分站介绍

2009年12月25日,环保部复函批转了《中国环境监测总站转型发展纲要》,纲要提出,加强“天地一体化”的生态环境监测与评价技术研究,推动国家生态环境监测网络建设,在重要生态功能保护区和典型地区7—9个有条件的环境监测站加挂总站生态环境监测分站牌子,开展遥感与地面监测相结合的生态监测。2010年5月底长沙会议提出,将全面启动能力评价和筛选工作,力争在今明年选出一批挂牌。本文详细介绍了争取加挂总站生态监测分站的内蒙古生态监测分站情况。     

基于神经网络的城市夜间环境监控与预测

因夜间天空亮度分布具有非线性变化特点,故引入神经网络算法,建立基于时间序列的夜天空亮度预测模型,夜天空亮度预测模型可为城市光污染防治提供评价依据.文章对神经网络的原理进行了论述,建立了基于时间序列预测模型.以测试数据为训练样本集,基于MATLAB(矩阵实验室,Matrix Laboratory的简称),采用改进的BP算法(误差反向传播算法)对网络进行学习训练,并对存在的误差进行了分析.基于时间序列BP神经网络的夜天空预测模型,当隐含层神经元数目为5,训练函数为L-M优化算法(trainlm)时,最大绝对误差可达到0.003 6 cd/m2,最大相对误差达到2.361 4%.结果表明,模型的运行结果与试验数据比较吻合,输出与目标矢量之间相关性也较好.     

论市（县）级环境应急监测的管理

环境污染突发事件的发生,影响广、危害大,迫切需要发生地的环境监测部门迅速反应,进行快速监测,迅速报出监测结果,为污染物的控制提供科学依据。因此对环境应急监测的管理就显得非常重要,不仅要对技术人员进行培训,还要准备仪器设备;不仅要准备应急监测预案,还要准备查询、应用工具,包括查询应用软件,只有进行充分的环境应急监测管理,才能有效地进行环境应急监测响应,才能为污染物应急控制决策、为保护环境质量、保护人民的生命财产安全作出贡献。