Sensitivity of Ozone Production to the Nmhc Composition, Aerosol Back-Scattering and High Chimney Emission

In this paper, three sensitivity studies are designed to analyze the effect of the NMHC (Non-Methane HydroCarbon) composition, the aerosol back-scattering and the high chimney NO_x emission to the photochemical prodution of ozone by using a one-dimensional photochemistry-diffusion model under a favourable meteorological condition. Measurements of the NMHC composition in Taipei indicated that the percentage of iso-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene and benzene in a unit volume was much higher than of those observed in other major cities. the high ratio of benzene was directly linked to its high percentage in gasoline. As to the unusually high amount of iso-butene, cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene, more researches are needed to identify their source. Concerns are raised as to how productive is NMHC composition is to the photochemical production of the surface ozone. A rough estimate shows that the total reactivity of the Taipei NMHC composition is about 1.21 × 10^-9 cm³ s^-1 which is 1.6 times that of the Los Angeles (LA) NMHC composition, while the simulated noon peak will be different by 28 ppbv, i.e. 18% more than that simulated with a LA composition.

Meanwhile, high aerosol loading is a serious problem in Taipei. the attenuation of the UV radiation by aerosols cannot be ignored. A numerical simulation shows that the noon ozone level will decrease from 178 to 141ppbv, i. e. about 21% reduction, with deterioration of the visual range from 85 to 5 km.

In the southern Taiwan, industry parks are mixed with the populated Kaohsiung city, hence the large emission of NO_x from high chimneys cannot be ignored. in this study, NO_x is assumed to be emitted in the layer between 235-460 m high with an emission rate of 0.05 or 0.145 ppbv/sec. the results show that the NO_x emitted from the elevated stack lead to a considerable reduction of surface ozone. Such conclusion is obtained due to the fact that a one-dimensional model is used in this paper. Whereas, if a three-dimensional regional model was used, then a higher productivity of ozone downstream would be simulated.     

上海市大气中NMHC,NOx,O3和SO2变化规律

通过对上海市大气中光化学主要污染物如ＮＭＨＣ、ＮＯｘ、Ｏ３及ＳＯ２等的日变化监测，发现ＮＯｘ、Ｏ３的日浓度变化与气象条件密切相关，高浓度Ｏ３多出现在晴朗少云，气温较高的大气条件下同步监测发现，Ｏ３与ＮＯｘ呈负相关，相关系数ｒ＝－０．７８５；ｄｍｊ ＳＯ２ｇｎ ＮＭＨＣｅ ｔｖｅ ｖｂ ｒ ｇｈｄ ｓｈ ｕｄ ，ｓｈ ｕｄ ｔｘｉ ｏｖｔ ｒ＝     

上海市大气中非甲烷烃与机动车尾气排放研究

采用特征性化合物法和统计法相结合的方法,对上海市大气中非甲烷烃(NMHC)与作为机动车尾气特征性化合物的CO与Pb进行了相关性分析。结果发现,NMHC与Pb在显著性水平0.01下显著性相关,相关系数达到0.593(n=18);NMHC与CO小时均值相关系数达到0.495(n=2329),日均值相关系数达到0.581(n=114)。从而判断机动车尾气排放已经逐渐成为上海市大气中NMHC的主要贡献者。     

NMHC的源特征风险分析及控制对策

文章在储运工程挥发排放非甲烷烃方面开展了综合研究 ,对比了各类储运设施上NMHC的源特征及环境浓度分布特征。调查资料来自石油与石油加工工业 ,可反映国内NMHC排放现状。结果表明 ,拱顶罐大呼吸 ,储运汽油的排放值为 1 .65kg/t,原油的排放值为 1 .1 5kg/t,柴油类的排放值为 0 .55kg/t,比采用浮项罐时高 97%以上 ,表明控制NMHC排放在环保和节能方面是必要的。论证表明 ,实施本指标 ,将使储罐上NMHC排放量削减约 95 %以上 ;油田流程的NMHC排放量削减 66 %以上。NMHC排放值和控制指标将有助于在环境影响评价中对储运工程环境影响的客观评价。     

国内外储油库VOCs排放现状与标准分析

储油库大气污染物排放标准(GB 20950-2007)规定了储油库在储存和收发汽油过程中油气排放控制,不适用于原油、航空煤油和石脑油等油品.对美国和欧洲储油库油气排放标准或指令进行梳理,结合我国3个典型城市储油库油气处理装置油气排放现状分析,提出GB 20950-2007的修订建议.结果表明:①美国和欧洲储油库标准控制范围不仅包含汽油,还包含原油和其他有机液体;②GB 20950-2007的油气非甲烷总烃(NMHC)排放浓度限值分别是美国联邦标准Subpart XX、Subpart R和Subpart Y的0. 5、1. 8和8. 9倍,是美国南加州Rule 462和Rule 1142的1. 8和3. 1倍,是欧盟和德国指令的0. 7和500倍;我国一般地区油气泄漏限值是Subpart XX的0. 5倍,重点地区油气泄漏限值是Rule 462和Rule 1142的0. 7和2. 0倍.③我国3个典型城市储油库油气处理装置进口和出口NMHC排放浓度P5th～P95th数值范围分别为115～811 g·m~(-3)和0. 1～20. 0g·m~(-3),85%以上的处理装置出口NMHC排放浓度≤10 g·m~(-3).建议将GB 20950-2007的适用范围扩大为原油、汽油(含乙醇汽油)、航空煤油和石脑油,油气处理装置NMHC排放浓度限值从25 g·m~(-3)加严为20 g·m~(-3),增加特别排放限值10 g·m~(-3).     

油田储油罐非甲烷总挥发实验及仿真模拟

针对油田单井拉油罐非密封生产带来的油气泄漏问题,建立小型原油储油罐挥发损耗实验模拟平台,通过气相色谱法探究各因素对其损耗的影响,利用Fluent仿真软件模拟储油罐的泄漏扩散。结果表明:储液温度和有无风环境对储油罐非甲烷总烃(NMHC)挥发影响较大,储液高度和环境温度对其影响较小;仿真模拟无风环境下,储油罐泄漏口短时间内存在油气积聚现象;有风环境下,当风速为1 m/s,油气积聚不明显;随风速增大,扩散浓度场面积不断增大,油品损耗量增大,在风速为5 m/s的环境下,扩散300 s时的浓度场面积相比扩散200 s时较小,但泄漏口处的油气积聚面积增大。     

关于改进非甲烷总烃测定方法的探讨

根据非甲烷总烃排放标准、分析方法和实际监测情况，对非甲烷总烃定义、总烃峰型异常、氧峰干扰、方法检出限测定和采样容器选择等方面存在的问题进行了探讨。结果表明：气态烃的衍生物属于非甲烷总烃，烃的衍生物和色谱柱类型是导致总烃峰型异常的主要原因，使用除烃空气作载气可消除氧峰干扰，非甲烷总烃为差值结果，应按照EPA SW-846标准测定检出限，PVF气袋本底低、气密性和化学惰性好，是最佳的非甲烷总烃采样容器。     

对油品仓储区大气中NMHC特征的监测分析

采用气相色谱-质谱联用方法对油品仓储区大气中的非甲烷总烃(NMHC)进行分类定量测定,通过对仓储区内不同点位NMHC浓度的差异和各自日变化规律进行分析,可以认为烷烃和烯烃有较高的浓度水平,其中烯烃含量最高。文章还对油品仓储区域大气中NMHC的排放特征进行了探讨。     

北京市典型餐饮企业大气污染物排放特征

为了解北京市餐饮业的大气污染排放浓度和总体排放水平,为有针对性地制定北京市餐饮污染控制对策提供依据,本研究选取了北京市典型的餐饮企业,结合现场实测和测试期间餐饮企业灶头使用情况,分析不同类型餐饮企业油烟、颗粒物和非甲烷总烃(NMHC)的排放浓度和各污染物指标之间的关系,估算了北京市餐饮业大气污染物的排放量.结果表明,典型餐饮企业油烟、颗粒物和NMHC的平均排放浓度分别为(2.91±5.52)、(9.25±10.02)和(12.72±11.38) mg·m~(-3),均超过了北京市地方排放标准.其中烤鸭和烧烤的颗粒物和NMHC排放较高,容易超标,是餐饮业治理的重点.烤鸭的颗粒物与油烟的比值范围为6.21～43.08;烧烤的颗粒物与油烟的比值范围为5.03～19.07;炒菜类餐饮企业颗粒物与油烟的比值范围为0.75～7.55;炭火烧烤和果木烤鸭颗粒物的排放浓度远大于油烟的排放浓度.Pearson相关系数分析表明,餐饮企业颗粒物与油烟的排放浓度为强相关,颗粒物和NMHC的排放浓度为弱相关.粗略估算获得2014年北京市餐饮源油烟、颗粒物和NMHC的排放量分别为2 492、 6 127和9 436 t.     

Sensitivity of Ozone Production to the Nmhc Composition,Aerosol Back-Scattering and High Chimney Emission

Abstract

In this paper, three sensitivity studies are designed to analyze the effect of the NMHC (Non-Methane HydroCarbon) composition, the aerosol back-scattering and the high chimney NO _x emission to the photochemical prodution of ozone by using a one-dimensional photochemistry-diffusion model under a favourable meteorological condition. Measurements of the NMHC composition in Taipei indicated that the percentage of iso-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene and benzene in a unit volume was much higher than of those observed in other major cities. the high ratio of benzene was directly linked to its high percentage in gasoline. As to the unusually high amount of iso-butene, cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene, more researches are needed to identify their source. Concerns are raised as to how productive is NMHC composition is to the photochemical production of the surface ozone. A rough estimate shows that the total reactivity of the Taipei NMHC composition is about 1.21 × 10^?9 cm³ s^?1 which is 1.6 times that of the Los Angeles (LA) NMHC composition, while the simulated noon peak will be different by 28 ppbv, i.e. 18% more than that simulated with a LA composition.

Meanwhile, high aerosol loading is a serious problem in Taipei. the attenuation of the UV radiation by aerosols cannot be ignored. A numerical simulation shows that the noon ozone level will decrease from 178 to 141ppbv, i. e. about 21% reduction, with deterioration of the visual range from 85 to 5 km.

In the southern Taiwan, industry parks are mixed with the populated Kaohsiung city, hence the large emission of NO _x from high chimneys cannot be ignored. in this study, NO _x is assumed to be emitted in the layer between 235–460 m high with an emission rate of 0.05 or 0.145 ppbv/sec. the results show that the NO _x emitted from the elevated stack lead to a considerable reduction of surface ozone. Such conclusion is obtained due to the fact that a one-dimensional model is used in this paper. Whereas, if a three-dimensional regional model was used, then a higher productivity of ozone downstream would be simulated.