Composition of Floating Debris in Harbours of the United States

As part of a programme to characterize floating anthropogenic debris in the aquatic environment, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted 18 field surveys in the harbours of major metropolitan cities of the east, west, and Gulf coasts of the United States and the Mid-Atlantic Bight. the surveys were designed to provide information on the types, relative amounts, and distributions of aquatic debris in different geographic regions of the United States. Neuston nets (0.33 mm mesh) were used to collect surface debris during outgoing tides on two or three consecutive days in selected areas of each city. After each net tow, the debris, which ranged in size from small resin pellets to large plastic sheeting pieces, was identified, categorized, and counted. the data are being used to qualitatively characterize aquatic debris in coastal metropolitan areas, to examine potential regional variations, and to tentatively identify potential sources.     

Endocrine disruption of water and sediment extracts in a non-radioactive dot blot/RNAse protection-assay using isolated hepatocytes of rainbow trout

Goal, Scope and Background In order to evaluate the estrogenic activity of sediments and XAD water extracts of selected sites of the catchment area of the River Neckar, a river system in Southern Germany, an integrative assessment approach was used to assess the ecological hazard potential of endocrine-disrupting compounds in sediment and water. Methods The approach is based on estrogen receptor-mediated vitellogenin synthesis induced in isolated hepatocytes of rainbow trout and quantified in a non-radioactive dot blot/RNAse protection-assay in parallel to comprehensive chemical analyses of estrogenic substances. Results and Discussion Numerous investigated extracts revealed an estrogen activity comparable to that of the positive control (1 nM 17?-estradiol corresponding to 270 ng/L in the test medium). Based on a concentration factor of 30 in the extracts and a recovery of XAD resins of approximately 80 %, 17?-estradiol equivalent concentrations between 20 and 26.7 ng/L could be calculated downstream of a sewage treatment plant (< 0.1 ng/L for a reference site). A comparison of the bioassay-derived Bio-TEQs (toxicity equivalents) and the Chem-TEQs revealed a high correlation with a Pearson coefficient of 0.85, indicating that the same ranking of the samples could be obtained with respect to the endocrine disrupting potential with both chemical and bioanalytical analysis. However, the TEQ concentrations computed from chemical analyses were significantly lower than the bioassay-derived TEQ concentrations. In fact, in none of the samples, more than 14 % of the vitellogenin-inducing potency could be attributed to the substances (steroids, alkylphenols, bisphenol A, diethylstilbestrol) analyzed. A comparison of the endocrine disrupting potential of sediments extracted by the solvents acetone and methanol revealed lower biological effects for acetone-extracted samples. Possible reasons may be a masking of endocrine effects in acetone extracts by cytotoxicity, a low extraction efficiency of the solvent acetone, or anti-estrogen potencies of some extracted sediment compounds. Using a mass balance approach, the contribution of the compounds analyzed chemically (Chem-TEQs) to the total endocrine activity (Bio-TEQs) was calculated. Based on the very low detection limits, particularly of the steroids with their high TEF factors, results revealed that a calculation of the Chem-TEQs is associated with considerable scale inaccuracy: Whereas only 7-15 % of the biological effectiveness (Bio-TEQs) could be explained by endocrine substances identified above the detection limits, the assumption of concentrations slightly below the given detection limits would result in a significant over estimation (137-197 %) of the Bio-TEQs. Even the interassay variation of the dot blot assay with different fish donors for primary hepatocyte (factor 2 - 2.5) is relatively low, when compared to the large range of the Chem-TEQ concentrations (factor 20) obtained when applying different modes of calculation. Conclusions and Outlook Overall, only a minor portion of the endocrine activity detected by bioassays could be linked to compounds identified by chemical analysis. In vitro assays for assessment of endocrine activities are useful as sensitive integrating methods that provide quantitative estimates of the total activity of particular receptor-mediated responses. Although discrepancies may also result from different bioanalytical approaches, it is overall likely that bioanalytical and not chemical analytical approaches give the correct estimate of endocrine disrupting potencies in environmental samples. As a conclusion, assessment of endocrine disruption based on chemical analysis alone does not appear sufficient and further research into the spectrum of substances with potential endocrine activity as well as into additive or even synergistic effects in complex environmental samples is urgently needed.     

黄山大气气溶胶新粒子生长特性观测分析

利用2012年9月22日~10月28日黄山地区大气气溶胶、二氧化硫和臭氧观测数据,结合气象数据,分析气溶胶新粒子的生成-增长特征.分析发现,在33个有效观测日中,有新粒子生成-增长的观测日占总数的18.2%,其中晴天的发生频率为37.5%,新粒子生成-增长都开始于晴天上午,与无新粒子观测日相比,太阳辐射量、风速、SO2及O3浓度较高,环境温度和相对湿度较低.气溶胶新粒子的增长具有由小及大的特点,核模态气溶胶粒子(10~20nm)数浓度最先增加,爱根核模态粒子(20~50nm)数浓度随着时间推移逐渐增大,但浓度峰值依次下降,平均增长率为3.58nm/h. SO2浓度先于核模态气溶胶数浓度到达峰值,其氧化后的产物H2SO4为新粒子的核化提供前体物,并且参与新粒子的增长过程,当SO2浓度较低时,不会发生新粒子生长事件.     

东南亚生物质燃烧对海南岛空气质量的影响分析

基于地面气象观测资料、环境空气污染物监测数据、卫星火点监测数据等多源数据,对2023年3月21—26日海南岛一次颗粒物浓度异常升高过程的原因进行分析,并利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹及潜在源贡献分析法对颗粒物的来源和传输路径进行解析。结果显示,在此次颗粒物浓度异常升高过程中,海南岛颗粒物浓度变化表现为缓慢上升、波动下降和西部高、东部低的特征。其中,PM_2.5日均浓度最大值达28 μg/m³,是2019—2022年海南岛3月份月均浓度的1.9倍,而其间的大气扩散和湿清除条件与2019—2022年同期相当或比之略偏好,说明气象条件不是导致此次海南岛颗粒物浓度异常升高的直接原因。PM_2.5与CO浓度呈极显著的正相关关系(r=0.86),具有典型的生物质燃烧特征。后向轨迹及潜在源分析结果表明,泰国东南部、老挝南部及越南东部地区生物质燃烧产生的高浓度污染气团向海南岛的输送,是造成此次海南岛颗粒物浓度异常升高的重要原因。     

天津夏季郊区VOCs对臭氧生成的影响

挥发性有机物是O₃重要的前体物之一,在O₃生成方面起着决定性作用.为研究天津郊区VOCs特征及其对O₃生成的作用,利用SyntechSpectras GC955在线监测系统监测天津市津南区54种VOCs的浓度,并结合最大增量活性因子计算VOCs的臭氧生成潜力.结果表明, 2018年7月津南区VOCs总浓度为(32.33±23.77)μg·m^-3,其中烷烃质量浓度最高,芳香烃和烯烃次之,炔烃最低,丙烷、乙烯和甲苯分列VOCs质量浓度的前3位.观测期间TVOC的OFP为107.81μg·m^-3,烯烃对OFP的贡献最大,为55.80%,乙烯、异戊二烯和甲苯分列OFP贡献率的前3位.后向轨迹分析表明,不同来向和性质的气团下TVOC及其OFP不同.VOCs/NO_x体积分数比值估算表明,观测期间O₃生成对VOCs较为敏感.乙苯/间,对-二甲苯和乙烷/乙炔等特定物种对浓度比值的变化表明, 3次O₃污染过程均伴随VOCs的老化过...     

滁州市冬夏季VOCs污染特征、生成潜势及来源分析

为了解滁州市冬夏季VOCs污染特征,采用最大增量反应活性系数法、二次气溶胶生成系数法和正交矩阵因子模型分别对滁州市2023年1—2月和7—8月环境空气中VOCs进行分析,结果表明:滁州市冬夏季VOCs平均质量浓度分别为105.91 μg/m³和97.59 μg/m³,总OFP分别为221.11 μg/m³和201.00 μg/m³,总SOAFP分别为84.67 μg/m³和62.66 μg/m³。其中冬季烷烃占优势,夏季OVOCs占优势,夏季OFP前10物种贡献量占总OFP的58.02%;冬夏季VOCs的来源排放比例接近,可统一管控,主要管控机动车尾气、燃烧源和工业活动的过程排放。     

基于实时控制技术的CANON工艺稳定性运行

为保证出水水质稳定并提高氨氮去除率,实现CANON工艺的优化,利用SBR反应器进行了基于实时控制技术的CANON工艺稳定性研究.试验过程中,温度控制在30℃±1℃,pH 7~8,通过反应过程中氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮和pH、DO、ORP的变化规律,制定了可行的实时控制策略.结果表明,进水氨氮浓度为917~1 540 mg·L~(-1)时,以6 mg·L~(-1)的剩余氨氮浓度作为控制参数可以满足工艺稳定性的要求,但氨氮传感器存在费用昂贵和误差较大等问题.采用pH、DO和ORP曲线的平台和特征点作为自控参数,可以维持CANON工艺的长期稳定运行,保证氨氮去除率平均维持在99%以上且出水水质稳定.     

长江中游近岸表层沉积物重金属污染特征分析及风险评估

为了探究长江中游近岸沉积物中重金属污染情况,2020年6月对长江中游14个采样断面的沉积物进行样品采集并测定沉积物中汞（Hg）、镉（Cd）、砷（As）、铜（Cu）、铅（Pb）、铬（Cr）和锌（Zn）等7种重金属元素的含量.首先分析了长江中游近岸表层沉积物重金属含量的空间分布特征,然后采用相关性分析方法（CA）、主成分分析法（PCA）和正定矩阵因子分解法（PMF）相结合的途径分析表层沉积物中重金属的来源,最后采用地累积指数法（I_geo）、潜在生态风险指数法（RI）和沉积物质量基准法（SQG）对重金属进行了风险评价.结果显示,Hg、Cd、As、Cu、Pb、Cr和Zn的平均含量分别为0.13、0.77、11.20、36.45、36.40、83.99和124.21 mg·kg^-1,其中Cd和Pb的平均含量超过背景值的1.72和1.35倍;PCA提取了前3个主成分（累积贡献率85.16%）,结合CA结果显示重金属Cd、As、Cu、Pb和Zn来源一致,Hg和Cr来源一致;PMF模型将7种重金属元素的污染源分成3个因子并得到因子的贡献率,并且工业和生活废水、煤炭燃烧、采矿业3个因子的综合贡献率为41.96%、32.48%和25.55%;地累积指数法（I_geo）评价结果显示,Cd是主要重金属污染物,处于轻度污染程度等级,Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr和Zn等6种重金属元素处于无污染等级;潜在生态风险指数法评价结果显示,Hg的最高风险等级为中等生态风险等级,位于城陵矶和新厂采样点,Cd的最高风险等级为强生态风险等级,位于牯牛沙水道和武汉上采样点,As、Cu、Pb、Cr和Zn在14个采样断面均属于低生态风险等级.综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）为62.59~138.59,其中处于低微和中度风险等级的采样点分别占总采样点的71.43%（10个采样点）和28.57%（4个采样点）,整体上长江中游干流污染不严重;沉积物质量基准法（SQG）评价结果显示,长江中游沉积物等级为Ⅰ级,定性评价为优,显示长江中游14个采样断面的沉积物对底栖生物没有毒性作用.综合以上结果,长江中游重金属污染不严重,Cd为重点防治的重金属元素.     

郑州市大气PM2.5中重金属的污染特征、来源及健康风险评估:基于高分辨数据

为了研究城市大气PM_2.5中重金属的污染特征和来源,于2017年的7月和10月及2018年的1月和4月,利用在线金属分析仪对郑州市大气PM_2.5中的21种元素进行在线检测,分析了重金属浓度变化;通过富集因子、主成分分析和潜在源贡献等方法对重金属进行溯源;采用环境健康风险评价模型评估其健康风险.结果表明,K、 Zn、 Mn、 Pb、 Cu、 As、 Cr和Se的浓度随污染等级的提高而增加;富集因子和主成分分析法结果表明,重金属主要来源为地壳源、混合燃烧源、工业源和机动车源;雷达特征图表明,地壳源主导的污染主要发生在春、冬两季,混合燃烧源主导的污染主要发生在冬季;Pb、 As和Ni受汾渭平原、京津冀和河南南部的传输影响较大,Cd受采样点西北部影响较大;As对成年人和儿童均有显著致癌风险,Pb和Sb对儿童存在显著非致癌风险.     

典型涉污企业周边土壤重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

分析和评价典型涉污企业周边土壤环境质量,对于加强企业用地环境风险管控,实施土壤重金属污染精准防控,进一步保障农产品质量安全具有重要意义。以18类典型涉污企业周边土壤为研究对象,对475家企业周边的2 017个监测样点进行土壤重金属Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni元素含量测定,并采用主成分分析法、Hakanson 潜在生态风险指数法进行分析及评价。结果表明:典型涉污企业周边土壤重金属污染以Cd、Pb和As元素为主,各元素含量超过土壤污染风险筛选值的样品比例为9.82%~31.0%,超过土壤污染风险管控值的样品比例为4.46%~13.1%,其次是Zn、Cu、Hg和Ni,Cr无明显污染;主要污染元素Cd、Pb、As、Zn和Cu来自相同污染源且主要分布在有色金属矿采选业(B9)、黑色金属冶炼和压延加工业(C31)、有色金属冶炼和压延加工业(C32)、生态保护和环境治理业(N77)等行业企业周边;黑色金属冶炼和压延加工业(C31)、有色金属矿采选业(B9)、有色金属冶炼和压延加工业(C32)等行业企业周边土壤重金属潜在生态风险等级较高,中等风险及以上比例分别为76.0%、53.0%和54.1%。可见,典型涉污企业周边土壤重金属存在一定程度的污染,尤其是有色金属矿采选业(B9)等采矿业以及黑色金属冶炼和压延加工(C31)等制造业等,污染程度高,潜在生态风险大,需要加强监测和管控。