山东省生态环境质量现状及动态变化研究

以2005年和2009年美国陆地卫星(Landsat TM)影像为基本数据源,利用遥感与GIS技术对山东省生态环境状况进行了监测,并依据《生态环境状况评价技术规范(试行)》(HJT 192-2006),对山东省生态环境质量现状及动态变化趋势进行了评价。结果表明,山东省生态环境质量总体处于一般水平;2005—2009年山东省生态环境质量状况基本稳定,局部地区有所改善。  

The development and practices of Strategic Environmental Assessment in Shandong Province, China

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), a newly-developed decision-making support tool, has been used in many developed and developing countries for predicting and evaluating potential environmental impact of policies, plans, and programs (PPPs), as well as for providing alternatives to avoid, mitigate, or compensate for these impacts. Unfortunately, due to the complexity and flexibility of SEA, to date there has been no consensus on a system which could be suitable for the contexts of different regions or countries. Different requirements and practices are observed in the different typical stages of SEA. Controversial areas include the appropriate indicators to apply in the early baseline setting stage, suitable methodologies for the impact assessment, and appropriate procedures for the SEA process. Given this, it is important to review and refine the SEA system specific to the context but informed by internationally agreed norms. As an illustration, this study reviews and proposes steps to refine the SEA system in Shandong Province, an economically powerful province of China, aiming to achieve sustainable development. Supported by the Environmental Impact Assessment Law of the People's Republic of China, Shandong Province employed SEA to reform the traditionally economy-oriented decision-making and incorporate consideration of environmental consequences into government deliberation on proposed PPPs. This paper illustrates the developmental process, procedures, and legal support for SEA in Shandong Province. By analyzing five SEA cases carried out by Shandong Province Environment Protection Bureau (SEPB) and Shandong University, problems in the SEA system were identified, and recommendations were made for improving the SEA system not only in Shandong Province but also other similar regions or countries.  

山东省2015年PM2.5和O3污染时空分布特征

利用中国环境监测总站的城市空气质量自动监测数据，分析了2015年山东省细颗粒物（PM_2.5）和臭氧（O₃）污染的时空分布特征，并初步探讨了其与气象要素的相互关系。研究发现：山东省PM_2.5年均质量浓度和年超标天数的空间分布均呈现由东部向西部递增的趋势，半岛地区的浓度最低，其他地区浓度均较高，年均质量浓度最大值出现在德州（101 μg/m³）。各城市PM_2.5的月均质量浓度均呈现出季节性变化，冬季最高，夏季最低。O₃-8h年均值和O₃年超标天数的空间分布与PM_2.5不同，半岛地区污染天数最少，其次为南部地区，中部地区和西北部地区污染最为严重并且各区域的城市之间O₃污染情况存在较大差异，具有明显的局地性特征。O₃质量浓度在春末夏初最高，超标现象主要出现在5—8月。分析各城市PM_2.5污染和O₃污染的协同性与差异性发现，虽然不同城市之间两者污染情况存在一定差异，但整体上看，山东省大气复合污染特征明显，全年有10个城市的PM_2.5和O₃同时超标天数都在20 d以上，并且该现象主要发生在夏季。夏季高温低湿的大陆气团控制更有利于O₃和PM_2.5叠加共存形成复合型污染。温度≥26℃时，O₃-8 h与PM_2.5日均质量浓度的相关系数为0.63，相对湿度≤60%时，两者相关系数为0.69。此外，当在大陆气团的控制下发生O₃污染时，相对湿度的提高更有利于PM_2.5浓度的增加。  

山东省水质自动监测系统运行管理

结合山东省实际，分析了水质自动监测的运行管理模式。探索了该模式下的质量保证和质量控制措施，包括成立运行管理专门机构，规范监管单位监督管理，严格运维和保障单位管理，强化现场端设备管理。从统一监测数据审核确认和强化自动监测数据应用方面，介绍了山东省水质自动监测数据应用情况，并提出了存在的问题和工作建议。  

山东省城市化进程大气环境问题分析

进入21世纪,山东省城市化与经济一直保持高速发展,人口急剧膨胀、能源过度消耗和经济快速发展给城市环境带来持久的压力,能源资源环境矛盾日益加剧,尤其是大气环境问题越来越成为制约经济发展的瓶颈,并且随着大气环境问题的更加复杂和不确定,改善环境质量的难度加大。以山东省为例,分析了城市化进程中的大气环境问题,突出表现为城市大气环境质量改善与社会经济发展水平不相适应,城市大气环境容量限制了经济的进一步发展等。