Experimental investigation of the performance of modified expanded graphite powder doped with zinc borate in extinguishing sodium fires

Sodium is the main cooling medium in the circuit of fourth-generation nuclear reactors, and its leakage constitutes a severe fire hazard because of its high chemical activity. In this study, expandable graphite (EG), which is a traditional sodium fire-extinguishing agent, was modified with zinc borate (ZB) as an intercalator, and the modified EG_ZB was characterized. Moreover, the effectiveness of the modified EG_ZB in extinguishing sodium fires was tested using a self-developed fire-extinguishing experimental device. This study's results indicated that EG, EG_ZB had a smaller particle size, higher thermal stability, higher fire-extinguishing speed, and lower powder mass consumption than EG. During the fire-extinguishing process, ZnO decomposed by ZB captured free radicals and inhibited the combustion reaction. Furthermore, B₂O₃ was adsorbed on the surface of the EG layer, which strengthened covering and asphyxiation. The findings of this study provide crucial information for effectively controlling fires caused by active metals and metallo-organic compounds.     

水质测定中高锰酸盐指数(酸性法)影响因素的研究

探讨了水质测定中酸性法高锰酸盐指数的影响因素:加热时间、加热温度、溶液浓度、滴定速度、水样酸度,掌握了最佳试验条件,使测定结果更准确。     

Effects of metal and acidic sites on the reaction by-products of butyl acetate oxidation over palladium-based catalysts

Catalytic oxidation is widely used in pollution control technology to remove volatile organic compounds. In this study, Pd/ZSM-5 catalysts with different Pd contents and acidic sites were prepared via the impregnation method. All the catalysts were characterized by means of N2 adsorption- desorption, X-ray fluorescence （XRF）, HE temperature programmed reduction （H2-TPR）, and NH3 temperature programmed desorption （NH3-TPD）. Their catalytic performance was investigated in the oxidation of butyl acetate experiments. The by-products of the reaction were collected in thermal desorption tubes and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. It was found that the increase of Pd content slightly changed the catalytic activity of butyl acetate oxidation according to the yield of CO2 achieved at 90%, but decreased the cracking by-products, whereas the enhancement of strong acidity over Pd-based catalysts enriched the by-product species. The butyl acetate oxidation process involves a series of reaction steps including protolysis, dehydrogenation, dehydration, cracking, and isomerization. Generally, butyl acetate was cracked to acetic acid and 2- methylpropene and the latter was an intermediate of the other by-products, and the oxidation routes of typical by-products were proposed. Trace amounts of 3-methylpentane, hexane, 2-methylpentane, pentane, and 2-methylbutane originated from iso4merization and protolysis reactions.     

降水中甲酸、乙酸和草酸的离子色谱法测定及样品保存研究

甲酸、乙酸和草酸是降水中有机酸的主要成分。研究选用离子色谱法同时测定降水中的甲酸、乙酸和草酸,并对降水样品中3种有机酸的保存条件进行了研究。优化后的色谱条件为4. 0 mmol/L Na_2CO_3和1. 2 mmol/L NaHCO_3混合淋洗液,淋洗液流速为1. 0 m L/min,进样体积为200μL,电导池温度为30℃,柱温为室温。甲酸、乙酸和草酸的检出限分别为0. 002、0. 005、0. 005 mg/L,实际降水样品测定时平行样的相对标准偏差为1. 4%～12%,加标回收率为95%～118%。样品采集后需尽快用0. 45μm聚醚砜微孔滤膜过滤,4℃以下冷藏密封保存,2 d内测定。若用氢氧化钠溶液调节p H至8～10,样品可保存7 d。     

茅草添加与温度变化对餐厨垃圾厌氧水解产酸的影响

比较了茅草添加在温度变化条件下对餐厨垃圾厌氧水解过程小分子有机酸产量的影响，提出一种新型餐厨垃圾的资源化方式。研究结果显示，餐厨垃圾在55℃条件下厌氧水解主要产物为乳酸，达到25．7g／L，其干物质转化率可以达到32．1％（gTS），而餐厨＋茅草处理在同样条件下的乳酸产量为20．1g／L，干物质转化率为25．1％。温度下降为37℃后继续进行的的厌氧水解，得到的主要产物是乙酸、丙酸和丁酸，餐厨处理和餐厨＋茅草处理这两者的峰值分别为6．5、2．8、8．0和6．1g／L、2．7g／L和5．9g／L。结果显示茅草添加可以在一定程度上调节水解产物的比例，而温度变化可以调控小分子有机酸的产量。本研究结果表明，厌氧水解是一种有潜力的小分子有机酸生产与餐厨垃圾资源化处理途径。     

Optimization of extraction of oil and biodiesel from Thespesia populnea seed oil by alkali catalyst in India

Thespesia populnea oil was new source of biodiesel. Crude Thespesia populnea oil was used as feedstock for biodiesel production by alkali-catalyzed methanolysis. The reaction in the presence of NaOH as catalyst was carried out to investigate the optimum conditions and to study the effects of variables on the reaction. A methanol to oil ratio of 6:1, sodium methoxide catalyst concentration of 1.5%, mixing intensity of 250 rpm and reaction temperature of 60°C offered the best Thespesia populnea seed oil methyl esters (biodiesel) yield (92.6%). The methyl ester content under these optimum conditions was 92.6% w/w, and all of the measured properties of the Thespesia populnea biodiesel (TPME) met the international standards ASTM D 6751-02. The results reveal that all of the reaction variables in this study had positive effects on the reaction. The results of the present study indicated that TPME could be a potential alternative to petrodiesel     

COD组分分析的实验条件及结果可靠性分析

本研究尝试用SF(OURmax/OURen)代替S(0)/X(0)来作为呼吸法确定COD组分最优实验条件的参数,从而简化测量过程且可实现自动化操作.另外由生长消耗COD与生物量的比值来判断测量结果的可靠性.结果表明,获得可靠的RBCOD组分分析结果的实验条件为:1对于易生物降解含量较高的水质(如由乙酸钠配制的污水),SF在2.8~5.3范围内,生长消耗COD与生物量比值在30%以内;2对于易生物降解和难生物降解物质适中的水质(如典型生活污水),SF应在5.8~6.4左右,生长消耗COD与生物量比值在30%以内;3而对于含有大量难生物降解物质的工业废水(垃圾渗滤液),SF在15以下,且生长消耗COD与生物量的比值在40%以内.由此可见,采用呼吸法确定COD组分,其最优条件SF范围随碳源的复杂程度的上升而上升.     

β-环糊精/醋酸纤维素纳米纤维的制备及对染料废水的处理

制备了不同β-环糊精(β-CD)含量的醋酸纤维素(CA)纳米纤维膜,并对纤维膜的结构形貌、尺寸分布、孔隙率、比表面积以及纤维膜的力学性能进行表征分析。随后研究了不同β-CD含量、初始浓度、吸附时间下,纳米纤维膜对甲基红染料的截留性能和吸附性能。结果表明:过量(≥30%)的β-环糊精会使纳米纤维产生珠节,纤维的形貌和力学性能变差;吸附试验表明,β-CD的加入提高了CA纳米纤维膜对染料的吸附,MR吸附率可达93.48%,最大平衡吸附量可达181.74 mg/g,比纯CA纳米纤维膜提高了将近40%;此外,染料的截留实验表明,纳米纤维膜对染料的截留效果较差,最大截留率为50.35%。     

Formation of chlorinated disinfection by-products in viticulture

Background, aim and scope  The use of sodium hypochlorite (HYP) in viticulture results in effluents which are contaminated with halogenated substances. These disinfection by-products (DBPs) can be quantified as group parameter ‘adsorbable organic halogens’ (AOX) and have not been determined in effluents of viticulture yet. The substances that are detected as AOX are unknown. The AOX can be composed of harmless substances, but even toxic contaminants. Thus, it is impossible to assess ecological impacts. The aim of this study is to determine the quantification of AOX and DBPs after the use of HYP. This will be helpful to reduce environmental pollution by AOX. Materials and methods  The potential of HYP to generate AOX was determined in laboratory-scale experiments. Different model solutions were treated with HYP according to disinfection processes in viticulture and conditions of AOX formation in effluents were simulated. AOX were quantified using the flask-shaking method and identified DBPs were investigated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results  Treatment with HYP resulted in the formation of AOX. The percentage conversion of HYP to AOX was up to 11%. Most important identified DBPs in viticulture are chloroform, dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetaldehyde. In addition, the formation of carbon tetrachloride (CT), 1,1,1-trichloropropanone, 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid and 2-chloro-/2,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid was investigated. It was demonstrated that reaction temperature, concentration of HYP and type of organic matter have important influence on the formation of chlorinated DBPs. Discussion  The percentage conversion of HYP to AOX was similar to other published studies. Although a correlation of single compounds and AOX is difficult, chloroform was the predominant AOX. Generation of the volatile chloroform should be avoided due to possible adverse effects. The generation of dichloroacetic acid is of minor importance on account of biodegradation. Trichloroacetaldehyde and 1,1,1-trichloropropanone are weak mutagens and their formation should be avoided. Conclusions  The generation of AOX and chlorinated DBPs can be minimised by reducing the concentrations of the organic materials in the effluents. The removal of organic matter before disinfection results in a decreased formation of AOX. HYP is an effective disinfectant; therefore, it should be used at low temperatures and concentrations to reduce the amount of AOX. If possible, disinfection should be accomplished by the use of no chlorine-containing agents. By this means, negative influences of HYP on the quality of wine can also be avoided. Recommendations and perspectives  Our results indicate that HYP has a high potential to form AOX in effluents of viticulture. The predominant by-products are chloroform, dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetaldehyde. In further research, wastewaters from a winery and the in- and outflows of two sewage treatment plants were sampled during vintage and analysed. These results will be discussed in a following paper.     

不同类型填料的三维电极/Fenton试剂法处理苯酚废水

采用不同类型填料对三维电极/Fenton试剂法处理苯酚模拟废水进行研究.结果表明.不同类型活性炭填料对苯酚去除率有很大影响,粒炭不适合做粒子电极,采用5.0 mm柱炭处理效果较好;采用石英砂与活性炭混合填料的处理效果比单一活性炭填料好,但苯酚去除率提高不明显;电解槽反应器中按比例投加涂膜活性炭和活性炭混合填料能明显提高苯酚去除率;当涂膜活性炭与活性炭体积比为1,2时,苯酚去除率最高,达96.8%.