昆明西山土壤—植物系统Fe,Mn,Ni分布特征

本文利用统计分析和吸收系数描述了昆明西山土壤－植物系统中Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ，Ｎｉ分布特征。结果表明，受试植物在土壤－植物系统中对Ｎｉ元素均表现出相对的稀释和绥冲作用；对Ｍｎ元素，除了菊科夏田菊，山紫金子和牛旁外，均表现出相对富集作用。     

Improvements on Flood Alleviation in Germany: Lessons Learned from the Elbe Flood in August 2002

The increase in damage due to natural disasters is directly related to the number of people who live and work in hazardous areas and continuously accumulate assets. Therefore, land use planning authorities have to manage effectively the establishment and development of settlements in flood-prone areas in order to avoid the further increase of vulnerable assets. Germany faced major destruction during the flood in August 2002 in the Elbe and Danube catchments, and many changes have been suggested in the existing German water and planning regulations. This article presents some findings of a “Lessons Learned” study that was carried out in the aftermath of the flood and discusses the following topics: 1) the establishment of comprehensive hazard maps and flood protection concepts, 2) the harmonization of regulations of flood protection at the federal level, 3) the communication of the flood hazard and awareness strategies, and 4) how damage potential can be minimized through measures of area precaution such as resettlement and risk-adapted land use. Although attempts towards a coordinated and harmonized creation of flood hazard maps and concepts have been made, there is still no uniform strategy at all planning levels and for all states (Lae nder) of the Federal Republic of Germany. The development and communication of possible mitigation strategies for “unthinkable extreme events” beyond the common safety level of a 100-year flood are needed. In order to establish a sustainable and integrated flood risk management, interdisciplinary and catchment-based approaches are needed.     

Distribution of Poly(β-propiolactone) Aerobic Degrading Microorganisms in Different Environments

The distribution of degading microorganisms of high molecular weight poly(-propiolactone) (PPL), whose individual structural units are similar to those of poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(€-caprolactone) (PCL), was examined. Despite the fact that PPL is a chemosynthetic polymer, many kinds of PPL-degrading microorganisms were found to be distributed as resident populations widely in natural environments. A total of 77 strains of PPL-degrading microorganisms was isolated. From standard physiological and biochemical tests, at least 41 strains were referred to as Bacillus species. Microbial degradation of fibrous PPL proceeded rapidly in some enrichment cultures but was not as complete as that of PHB. Most of the isolated PPL-degrading microorganisms were determined to be PCL degraders and/or PHB degraders. Therefore, it can be assumed that mostly PPL is recognized by the microorganisms as PHB or another natural substrate of the same type as which PCL is regarded. Microbial degradation of PPL was confirmed by some Bacillus strains from type culture collections. The similarity of microbial degradation between PPL and PCL was found to be very close.     

珠江广州段水体微塑料的分布特征及迁移规律

全球海洋塑料污染日益严重,河流是陆地产生的微塑料向海洋传输的重要渠道。珠江微塑料的入海通量排名处于世界前列,其中流经广州市区的虎门入海口的贡献量远高于其他入海口。为探究珠江广州段支流水体微塑料的污染现状并厘清其影响因素,文章对珠江广州段(包括支流和入海口)18个典型采样点位的表层水体微塑料进行了综合分析。结果显示,微塑料的污染丰度为0.123~25.2个/m³。微塑料的主要类型包括聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯等,其占比远高于其他类型微塑料。珠江广州段接收广州市区及周边城市排放的生活、农业和工业废水,其中纤维主要来自纺织品的洗涤,聚乙烯和聚丙烯均为生活中的常用塑料,聚苯乙烯和聚丙烯多用于生产各类塑料产品(如塑料玩具、泡沫箱等)。在4类监测断面(点)中,入境断面和监控断面的微塑料丰度远高于背景点和入海口。流经人口密集、城市化程度高的区域的支流微塑料丰度远高于其他支流,入海口微塑料丰度最低。可见,人类活动是影响微塑料在不同河段分布的最主要因素。     

海口湾海域表层沉积物重金属空间分布特征及其生态风险评价

沉积物中的重金属含量是反映近海环境质量的重要因子。本研究对2018年3月采集的海口湾表层沉积物样品开展了粒度、有机碳（OC）和7项重金属等环境要素分析,探讨了各元素的空间分布及地球化学特征。海口湾表层沉积物中铜（Cu）、铅（Pb）、锌（Zn）、镉（Cd）、铬（Cr）、汞（Hg）和砷（As）含量平均值分别为14.1 mg/kg、27.1 mg/kg、63.7 mg/kg、0.06 mg/kg、41.5 mg/kg、0.050 mg/kg和12.79 mg/kg。Cu、Pb、Zn、Hg与OC含量之间呈较好的正相关性,Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr等重金属元素更易在细粒级的沉积物中富集,Cd和Hg含量分布主要受控于以沿岸河流、工业与城市等为主的点源入海排污,而Cr和As含量分布受入海排污的影响较小。地累积指数法的评价结果显示,海口湾表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr均为清洁无污染,Hg和As为轻度污染。潜在生态风险指数法的评价结果表明,海口湾表层沉积物中单项重金属潜在生态风险程度为Hg> Cd> As> Pb> Cu> Cr> Zn,总体表现为中等生态风险。     

基于土地利用回归模型的场地土壤污染特征分析

通过在广东韶关凡口铅锌矿向外辐射8 km²范围内布设25个采样点,监测土壤中Pb、Zn、As、Cu、Cr和Hg的质量比,构建土地利用回归(LUR)模型模拟该6种元素质量比的空间分布。结果表明：不同土壤元素质量比受地理要素影响差异较大,Pb和As的空间分布受道路影响较大,其高值区沿道路呈带状分布;Zn和Cu受自然因素与土地利用的综合影响,高值分布相对零散;Cr的空间分布主要受地形降水等自然因子的影响。研究区整体元素质量比偏低,西部地区元素质量比低于东部地区,南部地区低于北部地区。     

湿地序列监测图像的地物目标分类方法

针对固定观测站采集的序列图像中光照变化和背景复杂的问题,将图像序列作为图像在时间维的拓展,提出一种结合颜色空间变换和神经网络的目标分类方法,以辽河口湿地为例开展实地观测试验。基于前期现场调查得到的地物分布信息,将序列图像转换至HSV空间,选择像素小区域作为样本训练多层神经网络,获得更高维度分类依据映射,并完成潮滩生态监测区域目标分类及重要湿地植物翅碱蓬的分布信息提取。对提取结果进行定量验证,该方法整体精确率稳定在90%左右。     

天津中东部平原区土壤盐分空间分布特征

土壤盐渍化是滨海地区生态保护修复的重要影响因素。为了解天津平原地区土壤盐渍化程度,沿永定新河、海河干流和独流减河3条入海河流海陆方向开展堤外土壤盐分采样调查,结合地统计学和GIS技术,分析海陆方向土壤盐分的空间梯度和变异特征,以期为天津生态保护修复和陆海统筹提供科学依据。结果表明:土壤水溶性盐含量和碱化度整体呈自东南向西北递减的趋势;重度及以上盐渍化土主要分布在海岸线向陆地纵深15 km的滨海新区,其中盐土、重度碱化土主要分布在大港距海10 km内、塘沽与汉沽距海5 km内;中度盐渍化土主要分布在独流减河沿线距海15~60 km内;轻度盐渍化土主要分布在海河干流沿线距海10~60 km内。土壤阳离子以Na+为主;从海岸线向陆域方向,土壤阴离子从以Cl-、 SO 4 2 - 为主逐步过渡到以 SO 4 2 - 、 CO 3 2 - + HCO 3 - 为主。独流减河一线盐渍土类型以硫酸盐-氯化物和氯化物-硫酸盐为主;海河干流中部平原区盐渍土类型以硫酸盐-苏打为主;永定新河一线盐渍土类型以硫酸盐-氯化物和苏打-硫酸盐为主。     

Seismological aspects of the Japan Sea earthquake of 1983

The Japan Sea earthquake of 1983 took place at the eastern margin of the Japan Sea, which is a marginal sea situated west of the island are of Japan and the Japan trench in the Pacific Ocean. Its magnitude of 7.7 is the largest among earthquakes which have been known to occur in the seismic belt along the Japan Sea coast of Northeast Honshu, Japan. Since the seismic activity in the belt is not so high, the earthquake is especially important in the geophysical interpretation of tectonic process in the region. The aftershock distribution and the focal mechanism reveals that the earthquake is a thrust fault on a plane dipping eastwards by about 30°. The waveform analysis shows that the earthquake can be regarded as a double shock to a first approximation. Interestingly, there was a 10-second intermission between the two events. These are preliminary results, and more detailed studies are under development.