Impacts of rural to urban migration,urbanization, and generational change on consumption of wild animals in the Amazon

For the first time in history, more people live in urban areas than in rural areas. This trend is likely to continue, driven largely by rural-to-urban migration. We investigated how rural-to-urban migration, urbanization, and generational change affect the consumption of wild animals. We used chelonian (tortoises and freshwater turtles), one of the most hunted taxa in the Amazon, as a model. We surveyed 1356 households and 2776 school children across 10 urban areas of the Brazilian Amazon (6 small towns, 3 large towns, and Manaus, the largest city in the Amazon Basin) with a randomized response technique and anonymous questionnaires. Urban demand for wild meat (i.e., meat from wild animals) was alarmingly high. Approximately 1.7 million turtles and tortoises were consumed in urban areas of Amazonas during 2018. Consumption rates declined as size of the urban area increased and were greater for adults than children. Furthermore, the longer rural-to-urban migrants lived in urban areas, the lower their consumption rates. These results suggest that wild meat consumption is a rural-related tradition that decreases as urbanization increases and over time after people move to urban areas. However, it is unclear whether the observed decline will be fast enough to conserve hunted species, or whether children's consumption rate will remain the same as they become adults. Thus, conservation actions in urban areas are still needed. Current conservation efforts in the Amazon do not address urban demand for wildlife and may be insufficient to ensure the survival of traded species in the face of urbanization and human population growth. Our results suggest that conservation interventions must target the urban demand for wildlife, especially by focusing on young people and recent rural to urban migrants. Article impact statement: Amazon urbanite consumption of wildlife is high but decreases with urbanization, over time for rural to urban migrants, and between generations. Impactos de la Migración del Campo a la Ciudad, la Urbanización y del Cambio Generacional sobre el Consumo de Animales Silvestres en el Amazonas     

Emergency shutdown of fluidized bed reaction systems

With several industrial applications of fluidized bed technology recently commercialized worldwide, it becomes essential to develop safe operation methods for fluidized bed reaction systems (FBRSs) to prevent any influence on their process values, which lead to accidents. To preventing any disaster or malfunction in an FBRS, an emergency shutdown system (ESD) is initiated, closing the reaction system in case of any abnormality by effectively isolating the flammable gas. However, an ESD is also prone to the “inactivation problem,” in which in the case of failure it initiates the emergency shutdown, even when the operating conditions of the reaction system are abnormal. It is also vulnerable to a “malfunction problem,” where the emergency shutdown is performed even when the operating conditions of the reaction system are normal. In this study, these problems were solved by investigating a reaction system through the monitoring of appropriate parameters and setting up of trigger levels, which reflect the uniqueness of an FBRS using an ESD. The parameters were identified by analyzing the scenario leading to an accident. The trigger levels were determined as the points at which the loss is smaller in the presence of an ESD, as compared to the value of the loss function in the presence or absence of an ESD. Furthermore, the ESD design model was applied as a case study in the ammoxidation process of propylene. The results showed that an ESD can prevent an approximately 8 billion yen of loss due to accidents in plant operations, against an investment of 200 million yen.     

隔离式减振垫浮置板道床施工工艺的探讨

介绍隔离式减振垫浮置板道床施工工艺、基本原理、施工特点、施工设备和作业人员配备。针对浮置板道床高度及构成、轨道基础施工、隔振垫铺设施工、轨排铺设施工、隔离式减振垫道床钢筋及混凝土施工、伸缩缝的设置、密封条及防水层施工进行分析和论述,提出安全质量控制措施。     

道南膜技术测定Ca(NO3)2溶液体系中汞的化学形态

虽然道南膜技术(DMT)已经成功用于土壤/溶液中多种重金属自由态离子浓度的测定,但DMT技术测定Hg的形态尚未解决.采用DMT测定Ca(NO3)2溶液体系中Hg化学形态.实验结果表明,Hg在阳离子交换膜内的吸附除静电吸附外还存在结合力更强的化学吸附,Hg在阳离子交换膜内扩散成为Hg跨膜传输受阻的主要因素,限制道南膜技术用于Hg形态测定.Hg2+和Hg(OH)2都表现出在阳离子交换膜上的强烈吸附,供端(Donor)Hg损失达50%以上.缩短试验时间至8h以内,可在一定程度上降低Hg吸附.计算结果表明,由于大量的Hg滞留在阳离子交换膜内,在计算受端(Acceptor)Hg浓度时引入滞留系数补偿供端Hg的损失,较好地预测了Ca(NO3)2溶液体系中Hg的化学形态.     

上、下悬窗阻风能力对比研究

环境风会改变排烟窗附近的烟气流向和速度,影响建筑内烟气流动,进而导致建筑自然排烟效率受到影响。采用数值模拟方法,对比研究了排烟窗开启角度和环境风对上、下悬窗阻风能力的影响,分析了不同开窗角度下,悬窗进风量和进风区域随开窗角度和风速的变化规律。结果表明:上、下悬窗相对进风量与开窗角度均成指数关系,但上悬窗阻风能力弱于下悬窗,上悬窗开窗角度大于45°后即失去阻风能力,而下悬窗开窗角度大于75°后才逐渐失去阻风能力,且开窗角度小于30°时,下悬窗至少能比上悬窗多减少50%空气进入室内。上悬窗开窗角度小于56°时,主要进风区域为近窗下侧水平区域;下悬窗开窗角度小于30°时,主要进风区域为窗体两侧及远窗下侧竖直区域,随着开窗角度增大,上、下悬窗主要进风区域均过渡到远窗下侧竖直区域。窗体用于日常通风时建议优选上悬窗。若要用于排烟,则应首选下悬窗,开窗角度15°即可满足阻风要求,若选用上悬窗,开窗角度不宜大于45°。     

天然水体基于分子生物学的微生物生态学研究

我国天然水体富营养化严重,水体生态系统已失去平衡。作为水生态系统中分解者的微生物,对于水体自净和修复发挥着极其重要的作用,因而了解微生物群落的组成和其动态变化、以及与水环境之间的相互关系对开展水环境生物修复研究是非常必要的。随着生物技术的发展,分子生物学技术被广泛应用于微生物生态学研究。文章主要介绍了分子生物学技术在天然水体微生物生态学中的应用以及天然水体中环境因子与微生物群落的关系。DGGE和TRFLP技术由于具有操作方便、可同时处理大量样品、系统性和有效性强等优点,因而被较多地应用于天然水体中微生物群落结构研究。微生物群落结构及其变化与许多因素有关,包括温度、光照、DO、pH、氮、磷、有机物等,对于不同种类的微生物,各因素的影响效果也有所不同。     

论景观非生态功能的含义及评价技术

随着对现代环境问题之综合性特征的认识不断深入,景观规划理论及评价技术研究在国际上渐成热点。在我国,相对于景观生态功能,景观非生态功能的研究,尤其是其评价技术的研究刚刚起步,景观非生态功能对于文化传承及和谐社会和两型社会建设的积极意义未得到足够的重视。本文由景观非生态功能的含义出发,探讨其在自然与环境保护政策中所应具有的地位,以及保护开发过程中存在的主要问题。在总结回顾国内外景观非生态功能研究成果的基础上,明确景观非生态功能评价技术研究的重点领域和方向。文章最后,总结性描述了一个最新的景观非生态功能评价理论模型研究成果,讨论并提出我国景观非生态功能研究发展的重要方向。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复技术

本文结合了国内外研究成果,概述了石油污染土壤的现状,分析了生物修复石油污染土壤的环境影响因子,如：pH值、温度、水分、土壤质地等,并对这一治理方法在我国的发展前景进行了展望,为今后这方面的研究提供建议。     

典型环境条件下装备环境适应性的评估方法

系统分析了航空装备环境适应的特点及环境适应性要求的类型。在此基础上,根据装备的相关环境试验信息和外场环境故障信息,遵循确定模糊集隶属函数的原则,分别构建了描述装备对单因素环境适应性的隶属度。基于单因素评估结果,选择合适的确定权重的方法,确定模糊综合评判中各层次因素的权重。最后选择合适的合成算子采用模糊综合评估的方法分别提出了装备与下层产品的综合环境适应性评估方法。通过实例验证了模型的合理性和方法的可行性。     

ICMS传感器防护技术研究

针对ICM传感器安装在飞机内部结构的特征和局部环境特点,提出了应用IMR21纳米复合涂料进行防护的初始方案,并采用加速腐蚀试验方法验证了其耐久性。结果表明,采用IMR21纳米复合保护的传感器安装部位未出现明显的腐蚀失效现象,但传感器引线部位存在一定的原始制造工艺缺陷。在载荷作用下固定传感器引线的硅胶易产生裂纹,致使腐蚀介质易渗入引线焊点处引起焊点腐蚀,导致个别传感器不能正常工作。为此,提出了传感器引线部位细节防腐改进措施,其有效性通过了加速腐蚀试验验证。