等离子发射光谱-质谱(ICP-MS)直接用于饮用水中的砷、锑、硒测定研究

用等离子发射光谱和等离子发射光谱-质谱作比较,等离子发射光谱-质谱用于饮用水As、Sb、Se的测量时需考虑校正系数,通过不确定度分析,确定了ICP-MS测定方法不确定度大小,得出结论:不要氢化物发生器,不加EDTA作为掩蔽剂,也可以直接用于实际.  

X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤样品中铅的不确定度评定

用实例对X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤样品中铅的不确定度进行了评定.测量结果的不确定度由仪器综合稳定性、制样、标准物质、回归工作曲线、重复测量等所引入的不确定度分量组成.在对各个不确定度分量进行量化的基础上,通过合成得到测量结果的标准不确定度,再乘以95%置信概率下的扩展因子2,得到测量结果的扩展不确定度.  

水中挥发酚的测量不确定度评定

建立了分光光度法测定水中挥发酚的合成标准不确定度的数学模式，它由质量的标准测量不确定度和体积的标准测量不确定度组成。应用一个实例对这两部分标准不确定度的分量作了详尽的分析和计算，得出测量扩展不确定度结果。  

微波消解-ICP法测定土壤中重金属元素的不确定度评定

对微波消解-电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定土壤样品中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni的不确定度进行评估，在测定过程中，对样品称量、消解、定容体积、标准溶液的配制、曲线拟合、仪器测量重复性等影响不确定度的分量进行分析，按《测量不确定度评定与表示》（JJF 1059—1999）的规定进行合成，最终给出扩展不确定度，为电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测量土壤中重金属元素的实验室质量控制和不确定度评定提供参考依据。  

Social goals and the valuation of natural capital

Valuation ultimately refers to the contribution of an item to meeting a specific goal or objective. Conventional economic valuation is based on the goal of allocative efficiency. But other social goals may be equally, if not more, important. For example, the goals of social fairness and ecological sustainability have been identified as being at least of the samelevel of importance as allocative efficiency. This paper looks atthe role of social goals in determining the basis for valuation ofnatural capital and ecosystem services, and sketches the characteristics of a system of valuation that would give equal weight to all three of the major social goals mentioned above. It also places these goals within a more comprehensive conceptualmodel of the economy and its relationship to the ecological lifesupport system in which it is embedded.  

Uncertainty management in integrated assessment modeling: towards a pluralistic approach

Integrated Assessment (IA) is an evolving research community that aims to address complex societal issues through an interdisciplinary process. The most-widely used method in Integrated Assessment is modeling. The state of the art in Integrated Assessment modeling is described in this paper in terms of history, general features, classes of models, and in terms of the strengths and weaknesses, and the dilemmasand challenges modelers face. One of the key challenges is the issue of uncertainty management. The paper outlines the sources and types of uncertainty modelers are confronted with. It then discusses how uncertainties are currently managed inIntegrated Assessment modeling, on which evaluation it is argued that complementary methods are needed that allow for pluralistic uncertainty management. The paperfinalises with discussing pluralistic concepts and approaches that are currently explored in the IA community and that seem promising in view of the challenge to incorporate explicitly more than one hidden perspective in models.  

冷原子吸收法对水中汞溶液浓度测量结果的不确定度评定

对冷原子吸收法测量水中汞溶液浓度的影响因素作了全面分析,对各因素的不确定度进行评估,评定了冷原子吸收法对水中汞溶液浓度测量结果的不确定度。  

利用top-down技术评定ICP-MS法测定水中镉的测量不确定度

根据不同分析人员在连续30周内水质中镉实验室质控样品的分析数据,采用top-down技术中的控制图法评定电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定水中镉的不确定度。方法依据《生活饮用水标准检验方法 金属指标》(GB/T 5750.6—2006 1.5)测定镉质量浓度为2.00 μg/L的质控样品,测定均值为2.010 μg/L,通过评定,不确定度为0.100 μg/L。  

Monte Carlo assessment of uncertainty in the simulated hydrological response to land use change

We quantified the uncertainty in hydrological response for a set of land use change scenarios by varying plant parameters within realistic uncertainty bounds in a Monte Carlo analysis. The results show that simulated hydrological fluxes significantly change after the introduction of outwintering suckler cow management, despite the presence of a significant amount of output uncertainty due to uncertainty in the plant parameterisation. The key to a proper uncertainty assessment was to consider the uncertainty in the difference between the scenarios instead of the absolute uncertainty of each single scenario. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis showed that changing soil properties in response to land use change does not result in significantly different results in the scenario analysis.  

烟气连续监测系统的相对准确度检测

阐述了HJ／T76—2001《固定污染源排放烟气连续监测系统技术要求及检测方法》标准中烟气连续监测系统的相对准确度计算和相对准确度计算中存在的问题。对存在问题中的重复性或复现性的假设、B类不确定度的忽略、标准分析方法平均值的采用和偏差检验进行了探讨。