Qualitative modeling and monitoring of selected ecosystem functions

This paper proposes three qualitative models that were applied for modeling of Small Water Cycle violation in ecosystem of Trebon region, South Bohemia. SWC refers to the behavior of the local ecosystem (e.g., the Trebon region), in which the volume of water that comes into the ecosystem is evaporated and falls back into this system. SWC is characterized by early morning dues and frequent small rain precipitation. In the Trebon Biosphere Reserve characterized by wetlands, forests and agriculture land, the evaporated water rises quickly inside the zone and does not have time to recondense before it is transported outside the ecosystem to the distant mountains, where it condenses spontaneously in the rising air streams.The essential pre-model for developing our qualitative models is the database model implemented in the MS SQL environment. The data in this model were collected for last five years and contain information about SWC violation and about the landscape stability development. The database system is used for standard reports, for correlating digital and graphic runs from associated meteorological stations, and for computing the evapotranspiration at the points where the stations are located and also at approximate inter-points.In parallel, and in addition to this standard use of the database model, the data was applied in the development of qualitative models (state model, model for the detection of unexpected situations and matroid model). This transformation and compression of the data was done with help of experienced experts and with the help of special mathematical operations. Qualitative models introduced in this paper overcome experience with quantitative models namely in these items: (1) They provide compression of information contained in large volumes of numerical data. (2) On the contrary of individual quantitative modeling qualitative models enable to describe the function and properties of the whole ecosystem. (3) Conclusions from qualitative models are in many cases better than are the generalizations of results from quantitative models.The first goal of the paper is to model situations associated with violations of the Small Water Cycle (SWC) in this ecosystem, and to contribute to acceptable solutions. The second goal of the paper is to investigate temporary models for the stability of the landscape development and to propose qualitative models for software support for integrated environmental modeling.     

高校预防和处理突发公共事件研究

提出了高校预防和处理突发公共事件应坚持统一领导、分级负责、反应及时、措施果断、依靠科学、加强合作的原则。阐述了高校应对突发公共事件应建立值班制度、物资采购及供应制度、信息采集、报告、发布、上报制度和检查监督制度和成立指挥领导组、抢险应急组、医疗抢救组、后勤保障组、教学组织组、学生管理组、安全保卫组、信息管理组、检查监督组组织机构的预防预警机制。阐述了事件发生时高校应按照预警预案做好组织人员、调配物资、抢救伤员、保护现场等应急处理机制;最后,进一步阐述了伤亡人员处理、财产损失处理、教学工作恢复,事件原因调查,突发公共事件评估,事件责任追究、总结表彰的善后处理机制。     

江苏省饮用水水源地突发环境事件分析及对策建议

分析了近年来江苏省几起典型的饮用水水源地突发环境事件及其特点,指出,结构性、布局性突发环境事件风险突出,交通运输带来的环境风险仍在凸显,企业非法排污产生的环境风险不小,饮用水水源地监测预警手段不足,联合治水模式尚未形成,流域性环境风险防控机制尚未建立。提出,应开展饮用水水源地突发环境事件风险评估,健全突发环境事件监控预警网络,健全饮用水水源地突发环境事件联防联控机制,加强饮用水水源地突发环境事件应急处置技术研究,加快产业机构调整和备用水源地建设。     

重大突发职业中毒事故应急研究

重大突发职业中毒事故频频发生,事故导致社会影响大和死伤人数众多的情况引起政府和企业的高度关注.造成这一结果的原因除与企业在管理和生产运行中存在的问题有关以外,面对突发事件发生的应急准备和响应能力不足是导致事态进一步扩大的重要原因之一.在对目前我国大多数企业的应急准备能力进行了大样本的问卷调查和数据统计,包括应急管理、应急机构或管理人员设置、应急资源配置、应急预案及有关应急处置方案制定、应急培训和演练等事故时应急响应需求等各方面.在总结存在问题的基础上,提出了应急准备诸多方面对策措施及建议.     

突发性环境污染事故的应对措施

阐述了建立和完善处理突发性环境污染事故的应急体系。提出应急监测信息体系、检测能力建设、现场监测和及时出具监测报告对于应急监测的重要性。     

突发环境事件应急监测演习脚本的编写

简述了突发环境事件应急监测演习脚本编写的重要性及相关原则，介绍了按事故情景演变和应急监测工作响应程序两种应急监测演习脚本的编写方法。     

饮用水污染原因调查案例浅析

详细介绍了某饮用水源地水质突发性表现异常的调查过程,包括监测方案的制定,采用生产工艺排查、监测结果分析和试验模拟等方式相结合进行事故原因排查的过程,对于处理同类不明原因致水质污粢具有借鉴作用.