雌二醇短期暴露对非洲爪蟾性腺和输卵管形态及性二态基因表达影响的初步研究

环境雌激素对两栖动物的生殖内分泌干扰作用已引起关注,目前的研究主要集中在长期暴露对性腺分化和发育的影响。以雌二醇(E2,10 nmol·L-1)为模式化合物,以非洲爪蟾为实验动物,6月龄的幼蛙暴露6 d,研究雌激素对性腺和输卵管形态以及性二态性基因表达的影响。结果发现,6 d的E2暴露对精巢和卵巢的形态没有明显影响,但从组织学结构来看对卵和精子的发育有微弱的促进作用。E2能够明显地促进了雌性输卵管的发育,表现为输卵管变粗变弯曲。E2暴露显著抑制精巢和卵巢中性激素合成相关基因cyp11a1、3βHSD、Srd5α、ARO的表达,对cyp17的表达无影响,使脑中LHβ和FSHβ的表达下调;对性别分化和性腺发育相关基因Dax、AR、ERα、TFⅢA、TBPL2的表达均无影响,但能够促进卵巢中Sox3的表达;同时促进脑中Emi2的表达,抑制脑中Dmrt1的表达。因此,输卵管可作为敏感的形态指标,性腺中Srd5α、cyp11a1、3βHSD、ARO、Sox3和脑中LHβ、FSHβ、Dmrt1、Emi2可作为分子指标。以上结果可为后续建立评价化学品对两栖动物雌激素效应的短期试验方法提供参考。     

Shifting Baselines and The Extinction of The Caribbean Monk Seal

The recent extnction of the Caribbean monk seal Monachus tropicalis has been considered an example of a human‐caused extinction in the marine environment, and this species was considered a driver of the changes that have occurred in the structure of Caribbean coral reef ecosystems since colonial times. I searched archaeological records, historical data, and geographic names (used as a proxy of the presence of seals) and evaluated the use and quality of these data to conclude that since prehistoric times the Caribbean monk seal was always rare and vulnerable to human predation. This finding supports the hypothesis that in AD 1500, the Caribbean monk seal persisted as a small fragmented population in which individuals were confined to small keys, banks, or isolated islands in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. This hypothesis is contrary to the assumption that the species was widespread and abundant historically. The theory that the main driver of monk seal extinction was harvesting for its oil for use in the sugar cane industry of Jamaica during the 18th century is based primarily on anecdotal information and is overemphasized in the literature. An analysis of reported human encounters with this species indicates monk seal harvest was an occasional activity, rather than an ongoing enterprise. Nevertheless, given the rarity of this species and its restricted distribution, even small levels of hunting or specimen collecting must have contributed to its extinction, which was confirmed in the mid‐20th century. Some sources had been overlooked or only partially reviewed, others misinterpreted, and a considerable amount of anecdotal information had been uncritically used. Critical examination of archaeological and historical records is required to infer accurate estimations of the historical abundance of a species. In reconstructing the past to address the shifting baseline syndrome, it is important to avoid selecting evidence to confirm modern prejudices. Puntos de Referencia Cambiantes y la Extinción de la Foca Monje Caribeña     

Identification of a multixenobiotic resistance mechanism in Xenopus laevis embryos

In the '90's a membrane-associated transport protein, discovered in aquatic organisms, was considered to be expressed in response to environmental xenobiotics. Like the multidrug resistance protein found in mammalian tumor cell lines, this protein confers resistance in organisms in polluted areas by binding xenobiotics and transporting them out of the cells in an energy-dependent manner.This study investigates the expression and the activity of a P-glycoprotein (Pgp) involved in a multixenobiotic resistance mechanism (MXRW) during the early developmental stages and in tissues of adult Xenopus laevis.     

不同粒径微塑料对三氯生在热带爪蛙蝌蚪体内积累分布及其生态毒性的影响

三氯生（TCS）作为药物和个人护理品（PPCPs）中常见的抗菌剂,在水环境中存在与聚苯乙烯微塑料（PS-MPs）复合污染的生态健康风险.本研究旨在探究0.1、5、20 μm PS-MPs吸附TCS在蝌蚪体内累积情况,以及对蝌蚪毒性的作用.结果表明,PS-MPs吸附TCS在蝌蚪体内的积累能力依次为：TCS+5 μm PS组>TCS+20 μm PS组>TCS+0.1 μm PS组,累积量分别为3.27、1.8 mg·g^-1、无累积效应.值得注意的是,蝌蚪经不同粒径PS-MPs（2 mg·L^-1）、TCS（1 μg·L^-1）单独及复合暴露7 d后,各实验组脂质代谢水平均表现出丙酮酸含量增加（p<0.05）、甘油三酯含量降低（p<0.05）的趋势.复合组中TCS+0.1 μm PS组蝌蚪体内丙酮酸（Pyruvate）含量上升水平最显著（p<0.05）;TCS+20 μm PS组蝌蚪体内甘油三酯（TG）含量下降水平最显著（p<0.05）,这可能与脂代谢调控基因ppar-α、cpt1-β表达水平显著提升有关（p<0.05）.此外,PS-MPs、TCS单一和复合暴露 还会增加蝌蚪体内CAT、SOD酶活性.与脂质代谢结果不同的是,复合组中TCS+5 μm PS组蝌蚪体内CAT、SOD酶活性上升最显著（p<0.05）,这可能与调控基因cat、sod表达水平显著提升有关（p<0.05）.研究表明,复合暴露组对蝌蚪生理水平的影响高于单一暴露组,而不同复合处理组对蝌蚪脂质代谢水平和抗氧化水平影响具有差异,该结果可为评估微塑料（MPs）吸附亲脂性污染物对水生动物的毒性效应和生态风险提供 信息和参考.     

热带假丝酵母8953菌株对苯酚的降解特性研究

实验室分离的一株热带假丝酵母(编号为8953)具有较强的苯酚降解能力,并可以利用苯酚、间苯二酚、联苯胺等芳烃为唯一碳源和能源生长。该菌株在48h内可完全降解约14.88mmol/L苯酚,完全降解10.63mmol/L苯酚只需要24h,其降解苯酚浓度最高可达19.13mmol/L。在pH4～9,温度20℃～40℃范围内,苯酚浓度为10.0mmol/L条件下该菌株均保持100%的降解率。该菌株降解苯酚的最适pH范围为6.0～8.0,最适温度范围为28℃～30℃,最佳接种量为1%～3%,外源添加氮源能促进酵母生长和苯酚的降解。     

高浓度有机废水酵母菌低氧处理技术初探

在开放式环境中,在低氧条件(DO=0-0.2mg/L)下通过连续小试试验考察了利用酵母Candidatropicalis处理高浓度有机废水的可行性。54d低氧连续小试结果表明:进水COD、NH4+-N、TP浓度分别为11000～30000、1000、230mg/L时,其去除率分别为67%～88%,18%～68%,23%～68%,氮磷去除率取决于进水COD、TN、TP的水平。污泥微观形态观察表明反应柱内微生物基本上是酵母,但运行过程中优势酵母形态发生了变化。低氧(DO=0.1-0.4mg/L)和无氧条件下C.tropicalis批量培养试验表明污染物去除和酵母生长与氧的供给关系密切,低氧条件下C.tropicalis有很高的活性,能有效去除COD(去除率为91%);无氧条件则导致C.tropicalis生物量下降,COD去除率仅为12%。     

除草剂乙草胺对非洲爪蟾性腺发育的影响

使用性腺发育对内分泌干扰作用敏感的两栖动物非洲爪蟾作为模型动物,通过考察性别比、性腺整体形态和组织学形态来揭示乙草胺对其性腺发育的影响,从而确定乙草胺是否具有内分泌干扰活性.46/47期蝌蚪经不同浓度(5μg·L-1、10μg·L-1、20μg·L-1)的乙草胺暴露处理至变态后1个月,在变态结束后3个月时,解剖性腺、鉴别雌雄并固定性腺做组织切片.实验中对照组所有性腺都为典型的卵巢或睾丸,雌性百分率为48.78%(20/41).而乙草胺暴露组却出现了明显的异常睾丸,其总体上是睾丸,但又带有部分卵巢的特征,在统计性别时将具有异常睾丸的爪蟾归为雄性.5μg·L-1、10μg·L-1、20μg·L-1暴露组的雌性百分率分别为:57.14%(24/42)、66.67%(22/36)、55.26%(21/38).虽经统计分析无显著性差异,但乙草胺暴露组中雌性多于雄性的趋势和出现带有雌性特征的雄性的现象,一定程度上却暗示了乙草胺可能对非洲爪蟾的性腺发育有雌性化作用.正常睾丸的组织学结构应有发育成熟的生精小管,其内有各个时期的精子囊和生精细胞及精子.但经乙草胺处理的爪蟾睾丸却表现出几种明显的异常:没有生精小管,相反却像发育早期的睾丸一样,充满大量的精原细胞,完全没有生精细胞和精子;有生精小管结构,但其内精子囊结构不明显,生精细胞少并且排列混乱,其间有很大的空隙;睾丸出现腔隙,并有大量体细胞存在,这种结构与57期的卵巢相似;睾丸中出现异常的生精细胞,与58期卵巢的卵细胞相似;睾丸组织中有明显的卵细胞散布.组织学研究发现的乙草胺导致的睾丸结构证明了乙草胺对非洲爪蟾的睾丸发育有抑制雄性化作用和雌性化作用,即乙草胺对非洲爪蟾的性腺发育有内分泌干扰作用.     

全氟辛磺酸（PFOS）对非洲爪蟾（Xenopus laevis）生长发育、甲状腺和性腺组织学的影响

为了揭示全氟辛磺酸(PFOS)的甲状腺激素和性激素干扰效应,并探索运用爪蟾动物模型同时检测多种环境内分泌干扰效应的可能性,将NF48阶段非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)蝌蚪暴露于0.01、0.1和1mg·L-1PFOS中6个月,检测PFOS对爪蟾生长、变态、甲状腺和性腺的影响.结果表明,在各取样时间,PFOS组爪蟾体长、体重和蝌蚪尾长与对照组均无显著差异(p>0.05);2个月后,PFOS组比对照组平均慢1个发育阶段,4和6个月后,0.01mg·L-1PFOS组反而比对照组分别快1和2个发育阶段.6个月后,PFOS组甲状腺出现滤泡上皮细胞增生、胶质减少甚至空泡化等现象,且随着PFOS浓度的增加而加重;各组幼蛙性腺出现间性、睾丸珍珠状和先天性萎缩等畸形现象,外观为间性的性腺主要表现为睾丸组织中产生类似雌性个体的卵巢腔.对照组幼蛙的雌雄比为0.5:1,而暴露组分别为2.3:1(0.01mg·L-1组)、4.5:1(0.1mg·L-1组)和5:1(1mg·L-1组).上述结果表明,PFOS对爪蟾的变态过程具有小剂量刺激效应,能引起甲状腺组织结构的损伤,导致睾丸组织的雌性化和雌雄性比的异常升高,表现出明显的甲状腺激素和性激素干扰效应,可以认定为一种环境内分泌干扰物.实验同时表明非洲爪蟾可以用于多种环境内分泌干扰效应的同时检测.     

双酚A替代品与双酚A对非洲爪蛙急性毒性及其应激响应的比较

双酚F(bisphenol F, BPF)和双酚AF(bisphenol AF, BPAF)作为双酚A(bisphenol A, BPA)的替代品已被投入生产和使用,然而目前有关BPA替代品毒性的数据还很缺乏。本文从急性毒性和应激响应2个方面比较了BPF、BPAF与BPA对非洲爪蛙蝌蚪的毒性。结果表明,48 h的半致死浓度(LC_(50))顺序为BPF(11.01 mg·L~(-1))>BPA(7.54 mg·L~(-1))>BPAF(2.87 mg·L~(-1));对氧化应激水平的影响BPAF强于BPA,BPF与BPA相近;BPA和BPAF对热休克蛋白基因表达水平有影响,BPF没有影响。本研究提示,BPAF作为BPA的替代品,其毒性强于BPA,而BPF与BPA类似。     

Effects of sublethal concentrations of isoxaben on the development of the African clawed frog,Xenopus laevis

Agricultural pesticide exposure is one factor implicated in the decline of amphibian abundance in aquatic ecosystems. Isoxaben is a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor mainly used for roadside weed control, suggesting that isoxaben can run off during rain events and potentially affect amphibian development. This study followed the development of African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) tadpoles exposed to different environmentally relevant concentrations of isoxaben. No significant adverse effects were observed on days to metamorphosis or size and weight at metamorphosis. This reinforces the conclusion that isoxaben herbicide application at low environmental concentrations is not a substantial risk to wildlife.