氟化铵制备氟化钙最优条件研究

试验采用氟化铵与石灰石粉、石灰乳反应制取氟化钙,研究了反应温度、物料浓度、物料过量系数等各主要参数变化对氟化钙结晶、过滤速度、氟收率及其含量的影响,摸索出最优反应条件。     

都匀毛尖茶土壤中总磷含量的调查研究

目的:调查都匀毛尖茶土壤中总磷的含量;方法:以贵州省都匀市毛尖茶产地--螺丝壳山的土壤为研究对象,采用酸法消解,用钼酸铵分光光度法于700 nm波长处测定土壤中总磷含量;结果:都匀螺丝壳山中土壤中总磷含量在177.58 mg·kg-1~353.92 mg·kg-1之间;结论:都匀毛尖茶土壤中的总磷含量在全国基本水平范围以内,总磷含量与土壤的类型、土壤所处海拔高度无明显关系。     

冻融作用对酸化土壤中NH_4~+吸附特性的影响研究

以吉林农业大学长期定位试验田土壤为研究对象,采用室内模拟冻融环境和振荡平衡的方法,探讨冻融作用对NH+4在酸化土壤中吸附特性的影响。结果表明,随着冻融周期的增加,酸化土壤对NH+4的吸附量逐渐减小;冻结时间对酸化土壤吸附NH+4的影响不明显;随着冻前含水量的增加,酸化土壤对NH+4的吸附量逐渐减小,对NH+4的吸附量由大到小排列为:15%25%35%。酸化土壤对NH+4的吸附过程能很好地利用Langmuir方程拟合,冻融作用促进酸化土壤中NH+4的释放,增加了NH+4流失风险。     

硫酸铵和尿素对废物焚烧过程中多种途径生成氯苯类的抑制作用

氯苯类(CBz)是废弃物焚烧等过程中产生二英的前驱物,也被认为是实现二英在线检测的良好指示物,同时五氯苯(PeCBz)和六氯苯(HxCBz)也是持久性有机污染物(POPs).但氯苯在废物焚烧过程中的排放和控制尚没有受到足够重视,为此开展了模拟焚烧过程中硫酸铵和尿素对3种氯苯合成途径的抑制作用研究,包括飞灰合成,1,2-二氯代苯(1,2-DiCBz)转化高氯代苯等过程.结果表明,硫酸铵和尿素对氯苯的3种合成途径均有抑制作用,如1%尿素与废物混合焚烧对四氯苯、五氯苯和六氯苯的抑制效率分别达到了66.8%、57.4%和50.4%.比较硫酸铵和尿素对3种过程的抑制作用,认为尿素对氯苯具有更稳定的抑制能力.     

蒸汽相变促进可溶PM2.5凝结增长的数值分析

为利用蒸汽相变原理促进氨法脱硫系统排放细颗粒物(PM2.5)的脱除,建立多分散颗粒的凝结增长动力学模型,利用数值模拟方法研究了可溶硫酸铵颗粒的凝结增长规律,并将典型粒径可溶与不可溶颗粒的凝结增长过程进行对比分析.结果表明:不同粒径硫酸铵颗粒的增长速率相近,等温系统的凝结增长效果优于绝热系统;对于同一初始粒径分布下的可溶和不可溶颗粒,微米尺度可溶颗粒的增长速率始终大于不可溶颗粒,亚微米尺度可溶颗粒的增长速率先大于而后小于不可溶颗粒,使得二者的增长曲线存在一个交叉点;蒸汽饱和度增大能显著促进硫酸铵颗粒的增长;等温系统中温度对硫酸铵颗粒的增长影响显著,绝热系统中温度的影响较弱.     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌脱氮同时降解苯酚特性

研究了异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌Diaphorobacter sp.PDB3去除氨氮同时降解苯酚的特性.在最佳碳氮比7和摇床转速160r/min下,该菌在21h内对初始浓度365mg/L苯酚的降解率达94.9%,总有机碳去除率达90.8%,同时40mg N/L氨氮被完全去除,中间代谢物硝态氮和亚硝态氮逐渐积累并在后期降低.氮平衡分析表明,52.3%的氨氮转化为胞内氮,37.2%转化为氮气,菌株主要通过细胞同化作用和异养硝化-好氧反硝化作用去除氨氮.检测到羟胺氧化酶、硝酸还原酶及亚硝酸还原酶活性,表明菌株PDB3具有完整的异养硝化-好氧反硝化偶联途径.随着苯酚浓度升高,抑制作用增强,脱氮效率降低.     

有效磷含量对硝酸铵溶液热安全性的影响

为了了解硝酸磷肥生产过程中,硝酸铵溶液中加入磷酸一铵的安全性,通过自制实验装置,研究了有效磷含量对质量分数为85%的硝酸铵溶液热分解的影响。结果表明,质量分数为85%的硝酸铵和磷酸一铵混合溶液的临界爆炸温度高于纯质量分数为85%的硝酸铵溶液,稳定性更好;磷酸一铵抑制硝酸铵的热分解,随着有效磷含量的增加,硝酸铵混合溶液临界爆炸温度升高;升温速率对硝酸铵混合溶液的临界爆炸温度影响很大,随着升温速率由2℃/min升高到3℃/min,质量分数为85%的硝酸铵混合溶液的临界爆炸温度升高,不易发生爆炸,安全性更好。研究结果对硝酸磷肥的生产安全有一定的指导意义。     

自动电位滴定法测定烟气氨法脱硫模拟浆液中氯离子的研究

氯离子含量是氨法脱硫工艺中的一个重要监控指标,用自动电位滴定法测定氨法脱硫浆液中的氯离子。结果表明,实验加入乙醇有利于增大电位突跃幅度;pH值为3~5时实验结果准确;加标回收率为90%~110%;与莫尔法相比,测定结果准确度、精密度更高,且不受灰分颜色干扰;与离子色谱法测定结果准确度、精密度相近,但测定高浓度氯离子电位滴定法更有优势。     

Biological conversion pathways of sulfate reduction ammonium oxidation in anammox consortia

• The SRAO phenomena tended to occur only under certain conditions. • High amount of biomass and non-anaerobic condition is requirement for SRAO. • Anammox bacteria cannot oxidize ammonium with sulfate as electron acceptor. • AOB and AnAOB are mainly responsible for ammonium conversion. • Heterotrophic sulfate reduction mainly contributed to sulfate conversion. For over two decades, sulfate reduction with ammonium oxidation (SRAO) had been reported from laboratory experiments. SRAO was considered an autotrophic process mediated by anammox bacteria, in which ammonium as electron donor was oxidized by the electron acceptor sulfate. This process had been attributed to observed transformations of nitrogenous and sulfurous compounds in natural environments. Results obtained differed largely for the conversion mole ratios (ammonium/sulfate), and even the intermediate and final products of sulfate reduction. Thus, the hypothesis of biological conversion pathways of ammonium and sulfate in anammox consortia is implausible. In this study, continuous reactor experiments (with working volume of 3.8L) and batch tests were conducted under normal anaerobic (0.2≤DO<0.5 mg/L) / strict anaerobic (DO<0.2 mg/L) conditions with different biomass proportions to verify the SRAO phenomena and identify possible pathways behind substrate conversion. Key findings were that SRAO occurred only in cases of high amounts of inoculant biomass under normal anaerobic condition, while absent under strict anaerobic conditions for same anammox consortia. Mass balance and stoichiometry were checked based on experimental results and the thermodynamics proposed by previous studies were critically discussed. Thus anammox bacteria do not possess the ability to oxidize ammonium with sulfate as electron acceptor and the assumed SRAO could, in fact, be a combination of aerobic ammonium oxidation, anammox and heterotrophic sulfate reduction processes.     

磷酸铵镁碱促(Mg(OH)_2)热解产物氨氮去除性能

磷酸铵镁热解循环技术可以有效降低磷酸铵镁结晶技术的药剂费用。同时,在磷酸铵镁热解过程中添加Mg(OH)2碱促媒介,能阻止磷酸氢镁向焦磷酸镁的转化,并降低热解产物氨氮去除过程中上清液磷酸盐的残留。在Mg(OH)2∶NH+4摩尔比为1∶1,热解温度为110℃条件下,热解产物沉氨效率接近84%,上清液磷酸盐残留量为0.02 mg/L。