聚氨酯泡沫固定化产碱杆菌细胞生物转化氰化物

利用1株产碱杆菌DN25作为降氰菌株,以聚氨酯泡沫为载体进行固定化,研究其转化特性.结果表明,采用吸附生长法能有效实现菌株DN25的固定,固定细胞量可达到每g泡沫载体生物量干重0.35g.固定化细胞的最适转化温度和pH为35℃、8.0.对于低浓度氰化物,固定化细胞和游离细胞的转化速率相当;对于高浓度氰化物,固定化细胞具有明显优势,不仅可耐受更高浓度的氰化物转化,其转化速率也高于游离细胞,最大转化速率为507mg/(L·h),是游离细胞的2.8倍.通过初步的摇瓶模拟序列批式反应,固定化细胞活性可保持20d.     

四溴双酚A在污水脱氮除磷过程中迁移转化试验研究

四溴双酚A(TBBPA)是一种使用广泛的阻燃剂,其扩散到环境介质中,会对生态和人体健康构成威胁,以往研究较少关注TBBPA在脱氮除磷工艺中的迁移转化.采用实验室SBR脱氮除磷反应器,研究了TBBPA在工艺长期运行过程中的去除、在典型周期过程中的变化、在硝化和反硝化过程中的去除.TBBPA在工艺长期运行过程中的去除率为48.4%,其中生物去除率为44.4%,吸附去除率为4.0%.在典型周期中TBBPA浓度受pH影响很大.TBBPA在硝化过程的去除主要是生物作用,而在反硝化过程的去除主要是吸附作用.     

Effects of the level of dietary protein on the toxicity of hexachlorocyclohexane in rats

Male albino rats were fed for 28 days from weaning on diets containing 5% (group 1), 10% (group 2) and 21% (group 3, normal protein) protein as casein. At the end of dietary period, HCH was administered daily for 30 days to investigate the interaction between protein deficiency and pesticide toxicity. The results indicated that rats fed a lower protein diet and HCH had a higher mortality, lower rate of growth, increased liver weight and deposition of the pesticide in blood and tissues in larger amounts. Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) was significantly increased and the heart rate showed tachycardia in low protein exposed animals. A significant increase of total lipids, cholesterol, triglycirides, free fatty acids in serum and tissues of animals exposed to low protein was observed. A close correlation existed between lipid accumulation and storage of HCH in tissues and dietary protein seemed to play an important role in detoxification.     

一株木材腐朽菌及其粗酶液对七氯的降解

Phlebia acanthocystis TMIC34875是一株具有七氯降解能力的木材腐朽菌。为利用微生物技术去除环境中的七氯残留提供理论依据,研究了该菌株及其粗酶液对七氯的降解性能及其动力学特性。结果表明,菌株在七氯的初始浓度为50μmol/L时具有最大降解速率,为0.3031μmol/（L·h）;而菌体接种量为15%时,降解速率达到最高,为0.2045μmol/（L·h）。降解酶定位研究表明,七氯的降解主要是胞内酶在起作用。七氯胞内酶降解的酶促反应最适温度是35℃,在30-40℃之间有较高的催化活性;最适pH值为5.0,在pH 4.5-6.0之间有较高的催化活性,最适条件下反应1 h后七氯的降解率为65%。胞内粗酶液降解七氯的米氏常数K m为5.42μmol/L,最大反应速率V max为4.55μmol/min。胞内酶处理体系的GC/MS图谱显示,主要降解产物为1-羟基六氯、1-羟基-2,3-环氧六氯和环氧七氯,表明胞内酶对七氯的初始代谢机理同菌株相似,均是通过环氧化和置换反应来完成的。     

中华圆田螺对沉积物中十溴联苯醚工业品DE-83的生物积累与转化

为研究沉积物中十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)的生物有效性，将淡水生态系统中常见的底栖动物中华圆田螺(Cipangopaludina cahayensis)暴露于商品DE-83(主要包含92%的BDE-209、6%的BDE-206、1.5%的BDE-207和0.5%的BDE-208)染毒的沉积物，进行60 d养殖实验。根据暴露期间中华圆田螺体内PBDEs含量与同系物组成的变化，探讨了田螺对DE-83的富集动力学、积累常数以及可能发生的生物转化。实验结果显示，DE-83主要同系物均能够被中华圆田螺积累，但是生物有效性非常低，BDE-209、BDE-207和BDE-206的吸收速率常数(k_s)为0.029～0.042 d^-1，BDE-207 > BDE-206 > BDE-209。依据动力学参数推算的生物-沉积物积累因子(BSAF)非常低，分别为0.05(BDE-209)和0.02(BDE-206和BDE-207)。暴露20 d后，中华圆田螺体内有低溴代同系物检出，其含量随暴露时间延长而增加，说明BDE-209在中华圆田螺体内发生了生物转化。     

丹参提取液对球形红细菌菌体蛋白及几种酶的影响

为探索球形红细菌对丹参的生物转化机理,采用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(N-PAGE)分别对丹参水提液、醇提液、醇水提液培养后球形红细菌菌体及纯球形红细菌(PRS)菌体蛋白质(Pro)、酯酶(EST)、细胞色素氧化酶(COD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)进行分析,比较用丹参提取液培养前后球形红细菌菌体蛋白及4种酶的同工酶变化.结果表明:丹参提取液培养前后球形红细菌菌体蛋白及4种酶的同工酶谱带差别较大,同工酶的电泳迁移率、活性、所表达同工酶的数目及分布均有差异,培养d 2～6蛋白及酶表达量变化最大,d 14～20基本稳定.研究表明丹参能诱导球形红细菌生成新的蛋白质及酶,亦可抑制某些蛋白质和酶的合成;这些蛋白和酶可能参与了丹参化学成分的生物转化.图4参22     

Effect of prochloraz fungicide on biotransformation enzymes and oxidative stress parameters in three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.)

The aim of this study was to characterize biomarker responses in three-spined sticklebacks exposed to prochloraz (Pcz). For this purpose, adult sticklebacks were exposed for 2 weeks to prochloraz at 0, 10, 50, 100 and 500 μg/L prior to one week of depuration in clean water. At days 7, 14 and 21, several hepatic biomarkers were measured including 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), total glutathione (GSH) content and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Pcz induced a transient increase of antioxidant enzymes and a depletion of glutathione content during the first 7 days of exposure. This study showed that EROD activity and antioxidants were disrupted in a transient manner. GST was rapidly induced in a dose-dependent manner and this induction was persistent and observed also after depuration. GST appeared as a valuable biomarker to assess the exposure to Pcz.     

Challenges in assessing the toxic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to marine organisms: a case study on the acute toxicity of pyrene to the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)

The acute toxicity (96 h) of pyrene (PY) to European seabass (Dicentrachus labrax) juveniles assessed in a semi-static bioassay (SSB) with medium renewal at each 12 h, and in a static bioassay (SB) without medium renewal was compared in laboratorial conditions (water PY concentrations: 0.07-10 mg L⁻¹). Main findings in the SSB that assessed mainly the toxicity of PY and its metabolites were: increased levels of bile PY metabolites in good agreement with the profile of lipid peroxidation levels (LPO) in exposed fish relating PY exposure and oxidative damage; increased levels of PY-type compounds in the brain indicating their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier; increased levels of these substances in liver and muscle which are edible tissues for humans thus raising concern on potential adverse effects on consumers of fish from PY contaminated areas; a significant inhibition of glutathione S-transferase activity suggesting its involvement in PY detoxication as toxicant scavenger; finally, an almost complete impairment of the swimming velocity at all the PY concentrations linking sub-individual to higher population level effects. In the SB, where the overall toxicity of PY, its metabolites and environmental degradation products was evaluated, 19% and 79% of PY decay in test media was found at 12 and 96 h, respectively. In general, the effects were similar to those of SSB but with significant effects being induced at higher PY concentrations indicating that the parental compound is more toxic than its environmental degradation products. The other main differences relatively to the SSB were: increased levels of PY-type substances in the liver suggesting more accumulation in this organ. Therefore, these findings highlight the need of carefully considering experimental design options when assessing the toxicity of readily degradable substances to marine fish, and stress the importance of taking into consideration the toxicity of environmental degradation products in addition to toxic effects of the parental substance and its metabolites for marine ecological risk assessment.     

T-2毒素的毒性效应及致毒机制研究进展

T-2毒素是由多种镰刀菌产生的单端孢霉烯族化合物中毒性较强的一种毒素,广泛存在于谷物和谷类食品中.经食物连续摄入T-2毒素会对人类和动物的健康造成潜在危害.目前,T-2毒素对人和动物健康的影响受到了社会的广泛关注,已成为毒理学领域研究的热点课题之一.在综述了T-2毒素的生物转化、代谢途径及其毒理学效应与机制基础上,对现...