汽油车非常规污染物排放特性研究

选择3种不同排量的典型汽油车,基于国Ⅲ标准的轻型车排放测试循环,用SKC采样泵和2, 4-DNPH、Tenax TA采样管采集尾气中的非常规污染物,利用高效液相色谱仪和热脱附气相色谱质谱联用仪分析汽油车排放中醛酮类化合物和挥发性有机物的组成及含量,同时利用电子低压冲击仪研究了其颗粒物排放的粒径和质量浓度分布特征.结果表明,不同汽油车之间非常规污染物的比排放值有较大差异,3辆汽油车总醛酮比排放量分别为36.44、 16.71、 10.43 mg/km,TVOC分别为155.39、 103.75、 42.29 mg/km.排放的醛酮化合物中甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛、丙酮和环己酮的检出含量较高,占总醛酮量的77.9%～89.7%,且绝大部分为有毒有害物质;废气中挥发性有机物绝大部分为芳香烃和烷烃,分别占总数的31.6%～39.2%和23.1%～27.9%,其中又以芳香烃类化合物甲苯、二甲苯和苯的检出含量最高,平均占TVOC的16.68%、 16.87%和5.23%;其颗粒物排放以超细颗粒物（<100nm）为主,高速工况下排放的颗粒物明显多于低速和中速工况.     

大气痕量挥发性有机物碳同位素分析研究进展

对于大气痕量挥发性有机物的研究,浓度测量方法在满足科学研究的要求方面尚有欠缺,相比之下,同位素测量方法具有测量精度高、对源解析准确和测量误差小的特点且发展迅速,该方法在大气痕量挥发性有机物的研究中所起到的作用日益显著;但由于同位素测量技术对大气样品质量的要求很高,故目前该方法在大气环境科学的研究领域中还不能普及,今后随...     

沈阳市郊区环境空气中醛酮类化合物的污染特征与来源分析

为探究沈阳市郊区环境空气中醛酮类化合物的污染特征,于2017年8月24日—9月2日采用2,4-二硝基苯肼固相吸附/高效液相色谱方法对沈阳市郊区醛酮类化合物进行观测分析,利用美国环境保护局推荐的人体健康风险评价方法对部分有毒有害醛酮类化合物的人体健康风险进行了评价,并利用比值法对醛酮类化合物的来源进行了初步分析.结果表明:醛酮类化合物质量浓度日均值范围为23.16~38.38 μg/m3;质量浓度最高的4种醛酮类化合物依次是丙酮、甲醛、正丁醛和乙醛,其质量浓度日均值的平均值分别为8.71、5.90、5.48和2.95 μg/m3.对·OH消耗速率(L_OH)贡献较大的醛酮类化合物物种是正丁醛、甲醛和乙醛,臭氧生成潜势贡献(OFP)较大的醛酮类化合物物种是甲醛、正丁醛和乙醛,在研究区影响醛酮类化合物光化学反应活性的物种主要是甲醛、乙醛和正丁醛.研究区观测期间,环境空气中甲醛和乙醛的致癌性风险值分别为1.18×10-5和5.91×10-6,对暴露人群存在潜在的致癌风险;乙醛的非致癌风险值为0.05,对暴露人群不存在非致癌风险.在研究区的一次臭氧轻度污染过程期间,环境空气中的甲醛和乙醛受天然源排放的挥发性有机物二次转化的影响减弱,甲醛、乙醛和丙酮受到炼焦工业和机动车等人为源排放的影响增强,而正丁醛主要受当地精细化工产业排放的影响.研究显示,沈阳市应加大对炼焦工业、精细化工和机动车来源排放醛酮类化合物的管制,以降低环境空气中活性醛酮类化合物及有毒有害醛酮类化合物的浓度.      

Levels, sources and health risks of carbonyls and BTEX in the ambient air of Beijing, China

The atmospheric concentrations of carbonyls and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene and o-xylene) were measured simultaneously at a same sampling site in Beijing from September 2008 to August 2010. The average concentrations of the total measured carbonyls during autumn, winter, spring, and summer were 37.7, 31.3, 39.7, 50.5 μg/m³, respectively, and maximal values for their diurnal variations usually happened at noontime. In contrast to carbonyls, the average concentrations of the total measured BTEX during the four seasons were 27.2, 31.9, 23.2, 19.1 μg/m³, respectively, and minimal values for their diurnal variations always occurred in the early afternoon. The average concentration for carbonyls increased about 24% from September 2008-August 2009 to September 2009-August 2010, for BTEX, increased about 15%. Integrated life time cancer risks for three carcinogens (benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) in Beijing exceeded the value of 1E-06, and the hazard quotient (HQ) of non-cancer risk of exposure to formaldehyde exceeded unity.     

Carbonyls in the metropolitan area of Mexico City: calculation of the total photolytic rate constants Kp(s(-1)) and photolytic lifetime (tau) of ambient formaldehyde and acetaldehyde

A great number of studies on the ambient levels of formaldehyde and other carbonyls in the urban rural and maritime atmospheres have been published because of their chemical and toxicological characteristics, and adverse health effects. Due to their toxicological effects, it was considered necessary to measure these compounds at different sites in the metropolitan area of Mexico City, and to calculate the total rate of photolytic constants and the photolytic lifetime of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Four sites were chosen. Sampling was carried out at different seasons and atmospheric conditions. The results indicated that formaldehyde was the most abundant carbonyl, followed by acetone and acetaldehyde. Data sets obtained from the 4 sites were chosen to calculate the total rate of photolysis and the photolytic lifetime for formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Maximum photolytic rate values were obtained at the maximum actinic fluxes, as was to be expected.     

长沙市大气中醛酮类化合物浓度变化特征

参照美国环保署EPA-TO11标准方法,于2014年7—10月监测了长沙市大气中醛酮类化合物的质量浓度。主要监测到的醛酮类化合物为甲醛、乙醛、丙酮、丙醛、甲基丙烯醛,夏季质量浓度最高的是甲醛(13.86 mg/m³),其次是乙醛(7.28 mg/m³)、丙酮(7.14 mg/m³),秋季质量浓度最高的是甲醛(10.31 mg/m³),其次是丙酮(8.37 mg/m³)、乙醛(5.78 mg/m³)。夏季醛酮类化合物的总量高于秋季,甲醛、乙醛、丙酮的质量浓度最大值基本出现在13:00—15:00。C1/C2(甲醛/乙醛)、C2/C3(乙醛/丙醛)的平均值分别为2.02、10.19。分析了醛酮类化合物之间的相关性以及它们可能的来源。丙醛和甲醛、乙醛的相关性较好,三者有共同的人为来源。夏季大气中除丙酮外,其他醛酮类化合物的相关性均较好。夏季甲基丙烯醛和甲醛、乙醛、丙酮有相同的自然来源。综合分析可知,长沙大气中醛酮类化合物质量浓度受自然因素和人为因素的双重影响。     

广州万顷沙大气中醛酮类化合物的污染特征与来源分析

对广州万顷沙大气中的醛酮类化合物进行了检测。实验方法是应用醛酮类化合物和2,4-二硝基苯肼（DNPH）迅速反应生成衍生物,产物在高效液相色谱上检测。结果表明,大气中可以检出12种醛酮类化合物,其中丙酮质量浓度最高,其次是甲醛、乙醛和丙醛。这4种化合物平均质量浓度分别是22.07、9.99、7.80和1.20μg·m-3。白天醛酮类化合物的质量浓度比夜晚的高。ρ（甲醛）/ρ（乙醛）、ρ（乙醛）/ρ（丙醛）的数值显示大气中醛酮类污染主要和人为来源有关。甲醛、乙醛、丙醛和丁醛的质量浓度具有良好的相关性。广州城区的污染物随风迁移到万顷沙,使万顷沙也具有城市环境污染特征。     

Unregulated emissions from a diesel engine equipped with vanadium-based urea-SCR catalyst

The present work is aimed at the study of number-size distribution of particles,volatile organic compounds(VOCs),and carbonyl compounds(CC) or carbonyls emitted from a 4-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine equipped with a vanadium-based urea selective catalytic reduction catalyst.The engine was run on an electric dynamometer in accordance with the European steady-state cycle.Pollutants were analyzed using an electric low pressure impactor,a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer,and a high performance liquid chromatography system for the number-size distribution of particles,VOCs,and CC emissions,respectively.Experimental results revealed that total number of particles were decreased,and their number-size distributions were moved from smaller sizes to larger sizes in the presence of the catalyst.The VOCs were greatly reduced downstream of the catalyst.There was a strong correlation between the conversion of styrene and ethyl benzene.The conversion rate of benzene increased with increase of catalyst temperature.Formaldehyde,acetaldehyde,acrolein and acetone were significantly reduced,resulting in a remarkable abatement in carbonyls with the use of the vanadium-based urea-SCR system.