Mitigating Impact of Devils Lake Flooding on the Sheyenne River Sulfate Concentration

Devils Lake is a terminal lake located in northeast North Dakota. Because of its glacial origin and accumulated salts from evaporation, the lake has a high concentration of sulfate compared to the surrounding water bodies. From 1993 to 2011, Devils Lake water levels rose by ~10 m, which flooded surrounding communities and increased the chance of an overspill to the Sheyenne River. To control the flooding, the State of North Dakota constructed two outlets to pump the lake water to the river. However, the pumped water has raised concerns about of water quality degradation and potential flooding risk of the Sheyenne River. To investigate these perceived impacts, a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was developed for the Sheyenne River and it was linked to a coupled SWAT and CE‐QUAL‐W2 model that was developed for Devils Lake in a previous study. While the current outlet schedule has attempted to maintain the total river discharge within the confines of a two‐year flood (36 m³/s), our simulation from 2012 to 2018 revealed that the diversion increased the Sheyenne River sulfate concentration from an average of 125 to >750 mg/L. Furthermore, a conceptual optimization model was developed with a goal of better preserving the water quality of the Sheyenne River while effectively mitigating the flooding of Devils Lake. The optimal solution provides a “win–win” outlet management that maintains the efficiency of the outlets while reducing the Sheyenne River sulfate concentration to ≤600 mg/L.     

基于超效率DEA模型的三峡库区生态效率评价及空间演化格局分析

本文基于2010—2017年的统计数据,首先采用超效率DEA模型对三峡库区26个区县的生态效率进行测算,然后运用空间自相关分析方法对三峡库区生态效率的演化格局进行了实证分析,探索三峡库区生态效率的时空动态演变特征。研究表明:2010—2017年三峡库区生态效率平均水平处于0.5601～1.1920,整体呈现波动性变化趋势,生态效率在一定程度上有所改善,但是整体水平仍然较低;从区域层面看,各个区县间生态效率水平不平衡,空间分布上呈现"西高东低"的非均衡性特征。局部空间自相关分析表明,三峡库区2010—2017年集聚性呈逐渐减弱态势,空间异质性逐渐增加,整体的生态效率差异变大。最后依据实证研究分析结果,本文对如何提升三峡库区生态效率提出了相应的政策建议。     

THOR dummy chest deflection response in oblique and lateral far-side sled tests

Abstract

Objective: The focus of this study is side impact. Though occupant injury assessment and protection in nearside impacts has received considerable attention and safety standards have been promulgated, field studies show that a majority of far-side occupant injuries are focused on the head and thorax. The 50th percentile male Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR) has been used in oblique and lateral far-side impact sled tests, and regional body accelerations and forces and moments recorded by load cells have been previously reported. The aim of this study is to evaluate the chestband-based deflection responses from these tests.

Methods: The 3-point belt–restrained 50th percentile male THOR dummy was seated upright in a buck consisting of a rigid flat seat, simulated center console, dashboard, far-side side door structure, and armrest. It was designed to conduct pure lateral and oblique impacts. The center console, dashboard, simulated door structure, and armrest were covered with energy-absorbing materials. A center-mounted airbag was mounted to the right side of the seat. Two 59-gage chestbands were routed on the circumference of the thorax, with the upper and lower chestbands at the level of the third and sixth ribs, respectively, following the rib geometry. Oblique and pure lateral far-side impact tests with and without airbags were conducted at 8.3 m/s. Maximum chest deflections were computed by processing temporal contours using custom software and 3 methods: Procedures paralleling human cadaver studies, using the actual anchor point location and actual alignment of the InfraRed Telescoping Rods for the Assessment of Chest Compression (IR-TRACC) in the dummy on each aspect—that is, right or left,—and using the same anchor location of the internal sensor but determining the location of the peak chest deflection on the contour confined to the aspect of the sensor; these were termed the SD, ID, and TD metrics, respectively.

Results: All deformation contours at the upper and lower thorax levels and associated peak deflections are given for all tests. Briefly, the ID metrics were the lowest in magnitude for both pure lateral and oblique modes, regardless of the presence or absence of an airbag. This was followed by the TD metric, and the SD metric produced the greatest deflections.

Conclusion: The chestbands provide a unique opportunity to compute peak deflections that parallel current IR-TRACC-type deflections and allow computation of peak deflections independent of the initial point of attachment to the rib. The differing locations of the peak deflection vectors along the rib contours for different test conditions suggest that a priori attachment is less effective. Further, varying magnitudes of the differences between ID and TD metrics underscore the difficulty in extrapolating ID outputs under different conditions: Pure lateral versus oblique, airbag presence, and thoracic levels. Deflection measurements should, therefore, not be limited to an instrument that can only track from a fixed point. For improved predictions, these results suggest the need to investigate alternative techniques, such as optical methods to improve chest deflection measurements for far-side occupant injury assessment and mitigation.     

深水型水库藻类功能组时空演替及生境变化的影响

藻类功能分组是近年来生态学藻类研究的重要理论和方法.为了探明西安某深水型水源水库藻类功能组时空演替及生境变化的影响,于2011年8月起开展实验研究.研究采用现场在线监测和实验室分析相结合的方法.结果表明,水库藻类可分为10个功能组类别:B、D、P、X1、X3、F、G、J、LM、MP.其中,功能组B、P、F、X1、MP、D、J在水库中较为常见,X3、G、LM出现几率较低,功能组B、D、P、X1、X3的藻类数量占优.通过分析环境因子的变化对功能组时空演替的影响,发现水温为最主要的影响因子.水库藻类生长策略为:春季R/CR策略藻种→春末夏初CR/C策略藻种→夏末秋初C/CR/R/CS/S策略藻种→秋末及冬季CR/R策略藻种.此研究可为深水型水库安全取水提供理论支持.     

应用模糊数学法综合评价营口石门水库水质级别

应用模糊数学法综合了5项主要污染指标评价了2008-2012年营口石门水库的水质级别,改变了仅凭单因子评价水质级别的方法,评价更合理,更符合实际情况。     

崂山水库的浮游植物群落特征及变化研究

2007年-2011年连续5年,采用生物群落法,对崂山水库浮游植物的群落结构进行了监测分析.结果为：2011年崂山水库共检出浮游植物8门93种,库区优势种为尖针杆藻（S.acus）、小胶鞘藻（P.tenue）、卵形隐藻（Cryptomonas ovata）、尖尾蓝隐藻（Chroomonas acuta）.5年来群落结构相对稳定,浮游植物细胞密度呈上升趋势.库区为B-中污型水体.     

水库渗漏水流溶解氧与水温沿程恢复的试验研究

水库底层低温低氧水从坝体下泄或渗漏,可能对下游生态产生不利影响。通过对湖北温峡水库下游温峡河225 km河段的野外试验,测量溶解氧、水温等指标的日变化和沿程变化,开展复氧试验研究阶梯深潭结构和沙洲对溶解氧的影响,并取样分析大型底栖无脊椎动物的沿程分布。结果表明,流速对水温与溶解氧日变化规律无明显影响。试验河段水温和溶解氧恢复很快,经过17 km的河段,水温从123℃升高至300℃,且溶解氧饱和度基本达到饱和。河宽对水温恢复起重要作用,对溶解氧影响较小,对复氧速度基本无影响。流量通过改变淹没程度影响阶梯深潭的复氧能力。溶解氧在沙洲下游存在横向分布,滞水区溶解氧高于左右汊道。溶解氧是水库下游水生态的控制因素,物种多样性随溶解氧的升高而增加     

六都寨水库夏季富营养化状况与浮游植物分布特征研究

六都寨水库是湖南省邵阳市重要的备用水源地,本文在2012年夏季对六都寨水库水体理化指标和浮游植物群落结构进行调查,评价水库富营养化状况.结果显示六都寨水库氮、磷浓度较高,TN和TP平均值分别为0.88和0.04 mg·L-1,部分点位超过Ⅲ类水标准.调查期间库区浮游植物总细胞密度变化范围为3.68×106~5.84×106cells·L-1,水库中心区域以绿藻为主,靠近坝首处则以蓝藻为主.各点位Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')介于2.19~3.17之间,Chl.a浓度范围为3.64~20.24μg·L-1,综合营养状态指数(TLI)为38.51~48.11,六都寨水库水体已处于中营养状态.要从根本上控制六都寨水库水体富营养化进程,防范蓝藻水华风险,需通过长期科学监控和综合防治.     

贵州东风水库沉积物间隙水中溶解态汞及甲基汞的分布特征及界面交换

为弄清水库沉积物间隙水中汞及甲基汞的分布及扩散特征,于2009年春、夏两季对东风水库进行了采样,分别采用两次金汞齐-CVAFS法和蒸馏-乙基化结合GC-CVAFS法测定沉积物间隙水中溶解态(DHg)和甲基汞(DMeHg)浓度。结果表明夏季沉积物间隙水DHg浓度远高于春季,而DMeHg浓度却略低于春季;沉积物间隙水中DHg和DMeHg均有向上覆水体扩散的趋势,其夏季扩散通量高于春季;间隙水中DMeHg对上覆水体的贡献率大于DHg,最高可达30%,再次证明了沉积物间隙水中的DMeHg是其上覆水体的重要来源。