A case study of spatial variation and enrichment of selected elements in ambient particulate matter around a large coal-fired power station in Central India

The dominant use of coal in power sectors has been associated with adverse environmental impacts. Ambient air monitoring for the two size fractions of particulate matter, respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) and non-respirable suspended particulate matter (NRSPM) in the downwind and upwind directions of a large coal-fired power station in central India, was carried out. Collected samples of ambient particulate matter were analysed atomic absorption spectrophotometrically for 15 elements. Spatial variability in elemental composition of RSPM and NRSPM and the degree of enrichment of these toxic metals in RSPM were investigated. A significant spatial variability for the elements in RSPM and NRSPM and higher degrees of enrichment of the elements were observed.     

Changes in the Biochemical Composition of Tetraselmis Suecia and Isochrysis Galbana During Growth and Decay

The variations of the biochemical composition of Tetraselmis suecica and Isochrysis galbana during growth and decay were determined. the content of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) of the cultures, as expected, slowly degraded into phaeopigments during decay, confirming that chlorophyll measurements do not always provide an accurate estimate of phytoplanktonic biomass and, consequently, may fail if used to measure the food availability of particulate matter for consumers. Measurements of total amounts of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, related to the nutritional value of particles in terms of caloric content, are shown to provide information on the readily available food for consumers, particularly during the blooms. the protein/carbohydrate, C/N and POC/Chl-a ratios were used to evaluate the differences between these two species during the growth and the decomposition processes. A comparison between experimental and field conditions was undertaken to implement our understanding of the growth and degradation processes of particulate organic matter of phytoplanktonic origin in the sea and its role on natural systems, during and after phytoplankton blooms.     

慢行道骑行者心率的空间分布及变化特征解析

为指导炎热天气下骑行者健康出行,以福州市西三环快速路沿侧慢行道为试验靶区,构建基于微型传感器的骑行测量平台,采集骑行者心率(HR)以及骑行路线上PM_2.5、PM₁₀和黑碳(BC)等大气颗粒物的高分辨率样本,统计解析骑行者HR变化特征及原因。结果表明:骑行者平均HR呈现小区侧大于沿江侧,与所有颗粒物均表现出较强的长期持续性关联特征;柴油车数量、气温、大气压强分别对全路段、沿江侧和小区侧慢行道的骑行者HR变化有较大解释权重,但骑行者HR也因路侧环境、地形等条件的差异而不同;PM_2.5和BC对骑行者HR的影响具有即时效应,PM₁₀的影响存在滞后性。因此,分路段差异化管控机动车,尤其严控排放对骑行者有即时影响污染物的机动车,并引导选择路侧通透、绿化覆盖率高的路线出行,能够提升骑行者出行品质。     

Air quality assessment along Dhanbad - Jharia road

Road ambient air pollution status along Dhanbad – Jharia road isstudied and presented in this article. The selection of this areais made considering the importance of the road in Dhanbad district and the nature of activities taking place along the road, which reflect that the portion of road upto Dhansar can be considered as having commercial areas on both sides and that from Dhansar to Jharia as having industrial areas on both sides.For the assessment of the ambient air quality along the road monitoring is done at the following five locations: Indian Schoolof Mines (ISM), main gate; Bankmore; Dhansar police check post; Dhansar opencast project agent office and a residential house beside the Rajapur opencast project. The location of ISM, maingate is specially chosen as this represents a commercial shoppingcomplexes and the situation can be compared with that at Bankmore. Monitoring of ambient air quality is done following thestandard procedure prescribed in IS: 5182. In addition the concentration of lead, zinc, copper, iron, manganese, cadmium metals in SPM is also monitored. The ambient air quality is monitored in the months of September and November 1999, respectively, to represent monsoon and winter seasons. The SPM concentration observed at all the five locations in the winterseason is more than the permissible limits for commercial andindustrial areas. However, in the monsoon season, the SPM concentration is higher than the permissible limit at the twocommercial locations, i.e., ISM gate and Bankmore, while it isless than the prescribed limit for industrial areas at the remaining three locations. At the ISM gate and Bankmore the SPM generation is mainly by vehicular traffic while at other three locations it was in addition due to mining and other activities.     

电—袋复合除尘器捕集微细粒子的理论浅析

依据袋式除尘器的捕集机理,定性分析了静电力对增强电—袋复合除尘器捕集亚微米微细粒子能力以及降低袋式除尘器压力损失的影响,为进一步研究电—袋复合除尘器过滤机制提供参考。     

基于单颗粒质谱技术的石家庄冬春季气溶胶成分特征及混合状态研究

利用位于石家庄市大气梯度监测站(20 m)的单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪分析了冬、春季大气环境中气溶胶的化学组成及混合状态,并采用ART-2a分类法对气溶胶分类。结果表明,石家庄市大气中主要存在8类颗粒物,即元素碳(EC)、有机碳(OC,相对分子质量小于150)、高分子有机碳(HOC,相对分子质量大于150)、混合碳(元素-有机碳混合,ECOC)、重金属、左旋葡聚糖碎片(LEV)、矿物质和富钾颗粒。8类颗粒中绝大部分包含SO_4~-、NO_2~-和NO_3~-等二次离子组分,表明采集到的颗粒物大都经历了不同的老化,或与二次组分进行了不同程度的混合。冬季气溶胶的主要成分是OC(数浓度36.1%),谱图含有C2H+3、C_2H_3O~+、C_5H_3~+、C_6H_5~+等离子,主要来自化石燃料、生物质等燃烧产生的一次排放颗粒,以及由挥发性有机物光化学氧化而成的二次有机颗粒;春季气溶胶的主要成分是EC(数浓度43.6%)和矿物质(数浓度15.4%)。EC中含有一系列单质碳峰,来自化石燃料或木材等生物质不完全燃烧的一次排放;矿物质颗粒中含有Mg~+、Al~+、Ca~+、Fe~+及SiO_3~-,主要来自扬尘。发生灰霾时,冬季OC和ECOC颗粒占比增大,EC颗粒占比减小;春季矿物质和ECOC颗粒占比变大,OC颗粒占比变小。随着灰霾天气发生,冬、春季碳气溶胶与二次无机气溶胶颗粒的混合加剧,而NH_4~+与碳气溶胶的混合加剧最为明显。冬季气溶胶的数浓度与气象因素的相关性高于春季,而低风速、高湿度和低气压易导致灰霾出现。石家庄市春季和冬季气溶胶污染应分别从机动车尾气、扬尘及燃煤、制药企业加以管控。     

矿井瓦斯煤尘爆炸传播数值模拟研究

基于连续相、燃烧、颗粒相数理方程建立瓦斯煤尘爆炸传播数理模型,并应用连续相、颗粒相计算方法,依据大型巷道瓦斯爆炸、瓦斯煤尘爆炸传播实验数据,借助普遍应用的流场模拟平台,成功开发瓦斯、煤尘爆炸数值模拟系统.该系统可有效地模拟煤矿瓦斯、煤尘的爆炸事故过程.对瓦斯爆炸的爆燃转爆轰、煤尘是否参与爆炸、爆炸冲击传播速度、衰减规律以及爆炸灾害的波及范围都能进行较准确的模拟.     

北京城6区大气颗粒物质量浓度变化规律研究

为较好地了解当前北京城6区大气颗粒物PM2.5和PM10质量浓度的污染水平及变化规律,根据2013年3月11日至2014年2月28日城6区12个空气质量实时监测点连续、实时的监测结果,构建多点位、完整时间序列的颗粒物质量浓度数据资料.应用数理统计分析手段,对当前北京城6区大气颗粒物质量浓度的频数分布、相关性和逐时变化特征进行分析,并结合全年实际气象特征,对引起大气颗粒物质量浓度变化的因素进行了初步探讨.结果表明,2013年3月至2014年2月北京城6区大气颗粒物污染较为严重,且PM2.5和PM10质量浓度具有特别显著的线性相关关系,全年相关系数达0.9,10年间无显著变化;二者年均值达91.7 μg/m3和116.9 μg/m3,分别超标162％和67％;二者质量浓度比达78.4％,10年间同比增长约20％.颗粒物质量浓度逐时变化受季节变化影响明显,总体呈现夜间最高、白天最低的趋势,变化周期为7～9h.研究表明,影响颗粒物质量浓度变化的因素包括春季的大风和生物粒子、夏季的湿热和降雨、秋季和冬季的逆温现象和降雪等气象因素及规律性的人为源因素.