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1.
In the last two decades, several serious accidents at large-scale technological systems that have had grave consequences, such as that at Bhopal, have primarily been attributed to human error. However, further investigations have revealed that humans are not the primary cause of these accidents, but have inherited the problems and difficulties of working with complex systems created by engineers. The operators have to comprehend malfunctions in real time, respond quickly, and make rapid decisions to return operational units to normal conditions, but under these circumstances, the mental workload of operators rises sharply, and a mental workload that is too high increases the rate of error. Therefore, cognivitive human features such as situation awareness (SA)—one of the most important prerequisite for decision-making—should be considered and analyzed appropriately. This paper applys the SA Error Taxonomy methodology to analyze the role of SA in three different accidents: (1) A runaway chemical reaction at Institute, West Virginia killing two employees, injuring eight people, and requiring the evacuation of more than 40,000 residents adjacent to the facility, (2) The ignition of a vapor cloud at Bellwood, Illinois that killed one person, injured two employees, and caused significant business interruption, and (3) An explosion at Ontario, California injuring four workers and caused extensive damage to the facility. In addition, the paper presents certain requirements for cognitive operator support system development and operator training under abnormal situations to promote operators’ SA in the process industry.  相似文献   
2.
随着气候变化加剧,低碳发展已成为政府和学者关注的重要议题。降低工业碳排放成为实现我国经济可持续发展的当务之急。低碳制造战略是工业企业实现战略转型、应对碳排放约束和提升市场竞争力的可行策略之一,但企业低碳制造战略的研究正处于起步阶段,还缺乏低碳制造战略类型的认识。为此,本文在拓展企业制造战略竞争优先权结构要素的基础上,增加能源利用率和单位产品二氧化碳排放量为竞争优先权结构要素,构建低碳制造战略竞争优先权分类指标,由此探索企业低碳制造战略类型。本文以国内22个省(自治区、直辖市)所辖的137家水泥企业为研究对象,运用聚类分析方法,识别企业低碳制造战略的类型,结果表明:企业低碳制造战略可划分为三种类型,分别是设计者、看守者和低碳践行者。研究结果不仅有助于深入了解水泥企业低碳制造战略特点,为我国水泥企业低碳制造战略制定和实施提供决策依据,而且其理论成果也可推广至其他高耗能产业,创新引导企业有效实施基于产品全生命周期的企业低碳制造战略。  相似文献   
3.
镉对花生苗期的毒害效应及其品种间差异   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
重金属在籽粒中的积累与植物对镉的生物学耐性和吸收特性有一定的内在联系。本研究通过比较不同花生(Arachis hypogaea L.)品种对镉胁迫的生物学耐性,旨在为进一步揭示花生籽粒镉积累的种内差异形成机制提供实验参数。在人工气候箱控制环境下的含镉的营养液砂培试验中,花生苗期对镉胁迫的反应具有显著的品种间遗传差异。基于植株生物量变化,可将花生的镉胁迫反应分为3种类型,即镉钝感型,品种有平度01、花育23和莱农13;敏感型,品种有中花4号、花育20、丰花3号、莱农29、豫花15和祁阳小籽;普通型,品种有湘农3010-w、湘农312、湘农55、丰花2号和湘农小果w2-7等。钝感型品种在5个加Cd水平下的茎叶干物量比对照平均降低22.8%,全株生物量平均降低11.7%;敏感型品种茎叶干物量平均降低38.0%,全株生物量降低29.2%;普通型品种茎叶干物量平均降低33.2%,全株生物量降低25.1%。随着Cd质量浓度提高和暴露时间延长,花生叶片的叶绿素质量分数显著降低,叶片和根系丙二醛质量分数及细胞膜透性显著提高,与钝感型品种相比,敏感型品种的上述生理指标变化速率较高,而且随着镉暴露时间延长,两者之间的差异性持续扩大。  相似文献   
4.
Many methods that study the diversity within hierarchically structured populations have been developed in genetics. Among them, the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) (Excoffier et al., 1992) has the advantage of including evolutionary distances between individuals. AMOVA is a special case of a far more general statistical scheme produced by Rao (1982a; 1986) and called the apportionment of quadratic entropy (APQE). It links diversity and dissimilarity and allows the decomposition of diversity according to a given hierarchy. We apply this framework to ecological data showing that APQE may be very useful for studying diversity at various spatial scales. Moreover, the quadratic entropy has a critical advantage over usual diversity indices because it takes into account differences between species. Finally, the differences that can be incorporated in APQE may be either taxonomic or functional (biological traits), which may be of critical interest for ecologists.  相似文献   
5.
元宝山中山土壤形成特点及系统分类   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过对元宝山的实地考察,选取具有代表性的6个山地土壤剖面进行描述及分析,研究了元宝山土壤的形成条件和特点,并按照《中国土壤系统分类:理论·方法·实践》一书要求,根据诊断层及诊断特性,检索了土壤系统分类名称。得出元宝山土壤垂直分布按海拔由低到高依次为:粘化富铝湿润富铁土-强度铝质湿润淋溶土-黄色铝质湿润淋溶土-普通铝质常湿雏形土-石质铝质常湿雏形土。  相似文献   
6.
中国黑钻鳞耳蕨组(耳蕨属)的研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
对中国黑钻鳞耳蕨组(耳蕨属)种类进行了分类处理.确认中国有12种,并报导了其中2个新种:浪穹耳蕨(Polystichumlangchungense)、洪雅耳蕨(P.pseudo-xiphophyllum).  相似文献   
7.
The taxonomic uniqueness of island populations is often uncertain which hinders effective prioritization for conservation. The Christmas Island shrew (Crocidura attenuata trichura) is the only member of the highly speciose eutherian family Soricidae recorded from Australia. It is currently classified as a subspecies of the Asian gray or long‐tailed shrew (C. attenuata), although it was originally described as a subspecies of the southeast Asian white‐toothed shrew (C. fuliginosa). The Christmas Island shrew is currently listed as endangered and has not been recorded in the wild since 1984–1985, when 2 specimens were collected after an 80‐year absence. We aimed to obtain DNA sequence data for cytochrome b (cytb) from Christmas Island shrew museum specimens to determine their taxonomic affinities and to confirm the identity of the 1980s specimens. The Cytb sequences from 5, 1898 specimens and a 1985 specimen were identical. In addition, the Christmas Island shrew cytb sequence was divergent at the species level from all available Crocidura cytb sequences. Rather than a population of a widespread species, current evidence suggests the Christmas Island shrew is a critically endangered endemic species, C. trichura, and a high priority for conservation. As the decisions typically required to save declining species can be delayed or deferred if the taxonomic status of the population in question is uncertain, it is hoped that the history of the Christmas Island shrew will encourage the clarification of taxonomy to be seen as an important first step in initiating informed and effective conservation action.  相似文献   
8.
9.
产甲烷微生物研究概况   总被引:8,自引:5,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
甲烷是仅次于CO2的第二大温室气体,因此环境中甲烷来源的研究在环境保护方面具有重要意义.大气中甲烷的浓度(体积分数)约为1.7×10-6,其中约有75%来源于产甲烷菌的代谢.产甲烷菌是一类厌氧古生菌,其分类主要依据为16S rRNA以及其他生化指标.产甲烷菌主要以乙酸、H2和CO2及甲基类化合物为底物并以甲烷为终产物.产甲烷菌生命活动过程深受自然环境的影响.本文从产甲烷菌的发现、形态、分类、代谢机制、生态学研究方面介绍产甲烷菌的研究概况.  相似文献   
10.
从新疆、内蒙干旱地区苜蓿属、草木樨属、锦鸡儿属植物的根瘤中分离出54株根瘤菌,对其中48株根瘤菌和22株参比菌一起进行了数值分类研究,在85%的相似性水平上,未知菌分为3个不同于已知种的新群.另加入6株分离自锦鸡儿属植物的根瘤菌,共76株菌进行了全细胞蛋白SDSPAGE分析,在80%的相似性水平上,已知菌相应成群,未知菌除XJ96342在68%的相似性水平上和群5、6、7、8、R.galega聚群外,其余未知菌则分布在4、5、6、7、8、9、10七个群中.群4中所有菌株属于数值分类的群1;群6中有3株菌属于数值分类的群3;群9中有8株菌为数值分类群2的菌株.反映了两种方法在分类上得到的结果比较近似.  相似文献   
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