建筑火灾风险评价体系的建立与应用探讨

探讨基于安全系统工程思想的建筑火灾风险评价指标体系的建立方法,并在该基础上,嗵过专家打分和层次分析法,计算得出各指标因子的权重值.根据有关标准和规范,对各评价指标因子进行等级划分,并设计出建筑火灾风险综合分值评分表,为厘定火灾保险费率提供依据.笔者的研究成果为完善建筑火灾风险评价方法、制定财产保险火灾风险评价标准等提供了科学依据.     

我国淡水生物菲水质基准研究

菲是一种国内外水体中普遍检出的优控多环芳烃,会对水生生物产生有害影响.然而,由于本土物种生态毒理学数据匮乏等问题,关于菲的基准阈值研究鲜有报道.本研究以9种本土水生生物为研究对象,进行了9种水生生物的急性生态毒理学实验及3种慢性生态毒理学实验并推导了菲的基准阈值.此外,基于物种敏感性分布法(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)对本地和非本地物种之间的差异进行了比较,以期探究美国水生生物毒性数据在我国本土基准阈值推导过程中的可行性.结果显示,采用US EPA\"指南\"推荐的方法对菲本土水生生物急性基准阈值(CMC)和慢性基准阈值(CCC)进行了推导,分别为0.033 mg·L~(-1)和0.012 mg·L~(-1);另外,本土与美国物种敏感性分布不存在显著性差异,这表明存在使用美国水生生物毒性数据来推导我国菲水生生物基准阈值的可能性.     

定量风险评价标准探讨

围绕定量评价标准对风险的度量和制定风险评价标准的基本原则等方面的进展和存在的问题进行了初步的探讨，分析归纳了国处有着的个人风险和社会风险标准，提出具有重大危害性的工业设施对员工或公众造成的风险，不应显著高于人们在日常生活中接触到其他风险；每年１０＾－６的死亡风险是可以忽略不计的个人风险水平等观点。     

多氯联苯污染沉积物质量评价研究进展

介绍了多氯联苯污染沉积物质量评价的研究进展 ,其中 ,简单介绍了多氯联苯的有关概况及环境行为、沉积物质量评价方法及基准研究进展 ;最后 ,重点介绍了包括多氯联苯在内的憎水性有机物污染沉积物质量评价的研究现状及存在问题。     

Validation of the operational emergency response model at the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute using data from etex and the chernobyl accident

The Eulerian atmospheric tracer transport model MATCH (Multiscale Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry model) has been extended with a Lagrangian particle model treating the initial dispersion of pollutants from point sources. The model has been implemented at the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute in an emergency response system for nuclear accidents and can be activated on short notice to provide forecast concentration and deposition fields.The model has been used to simulate the transport of the inert tracer released during the ETEX experiment and the transport and deposition of ¹³⁷Cs from the Chernobyl accident. Visual inspection of the results as well as statistical analysis shows that the extent, time of arrival and duration of the tracer cloud, is in good agreement with the observations for both cases, with a tendency towards over-prediction for the first ETEX release. For the Chernobyl case the simulated deposition pattern over Scandinavia and over Europe as a whole agrees with observations when observed precipitation is used in the simulation. When model calculated precipitation is used, the quality of the simulation is reduced significantly and the model fails to predict major features of the observed deposition field.     

Users' views of hospital environmental quality: Validation of the Perceived Hospital Environment Quality Indicators (PHEQIs)

Environmental Quality Perception (EQP) is an important construct used to help to understand the relationship between people and the hospital environment. From a patient-centered care perspective, it is important that hospital design take into account the patients' (and other users') point of view. This paper presents the adaptation and validation of a measure of hospital EQP, the Perceived Hospital Environment Quality Indicators (PHEQIs; Fornara, Bonaiuto, & Bonnes, 2006), and seeks to confirm the factor structure of this construct in a different cultural context. Three scales, two focusing on physical environments and one evaluating the social environment, were completed by 562 users of four orthopedic units in Portuguese hospitals, two older and two recently built or renovated. To assess criterion validity, hospital physical environments were also objectively evaluated by two architects. Using a confirmatory factor analysis the three validation procedures produced acceptable fit indices in the final measurement models. Overall reliability values were satisfactory, as was the evidence for criterion validity. PHEQIs scales and factors correlated with global evaluation of the environment, supporting concurrent criterion validity; and predictive criterion validity was demonstrated given that users of older and newer hospitals differed significantly on the perception of quality of hospital EQP, and that high congruence between users' and experts' evaluations was found. Discriminant construct validity was supported, and some difficulties in showing convergent validity are discussed in terms of item formulation adequacy. Implications for research and practice are described.     

不同国家基于健康风险的土壤环境基准比较研究与启示

20世纪90年代以来,许多发达国家颁布了基于健康风险的土壤环境标准及基准背景技术文件,为发展中国家启动标准制订和开展基准研究提供了重要的方法学参考.然而,由于各国在环境立法框架、基准推导过程、环境气候特征、土壤类型、人群生活方式与习惯等方面的不同,导致其基准名称、基准功能、保护受体以及基准取值等存在较大的差异.本文在综述基于健康风险的土壤环境基准科学内涵与基本特征的基础上,对不同国家场地土壤环境基准的名称、功能及基准值的差异进行了比较研究,从土地利用类型划分、暴露情景和暴露途径设定、致癌物可接受风险水平选择以及人体暴露参数确定等4个方面,对不同国家制定场地土壤环境基准的关键技术和影响因素进行了总结分析,探讨了借鉴国外经验考虑区域差异制定我国土壤环境基准的对策与方略,并指出了当前我国制定场地土壤环境基准和标准面临的困难和挑战.     

典型酰胺类除草剂的水生生物水质基准

酰胺类除草剂在我国大量使用,可能会对水生态系统和人体健康造成潜在威胁。本文搜集了6种典型酰胺类除草剂对淡水水生生物的毒性数据,定量评价了数据质量和可靠度。选择可靠度较高的毒性数据,应用物种敏感度分布(species sensitivity distribution, SSD)法推导了酰胺类除草剂的水质基准(water quality criteria, WQC)。同时,基于本研究水质基准值,应用商值法对我国部分地表水中酰胺类除草剂的暴露进行了初步的生态风险评估。结果显示,甲草胺、乙草胺、丙草胺、丁草胺、异丙甲草胺和敌稗的急性水质基准分别为1 171.5、28.65、71.75、45.41、831.5和696.5 μg·L^-1,慢性水质基准分别为1.01、1.86、1.49、10.82、3.99和69.65 μg·L^-1。乙草胺在松花江、九龙江河口和广西甘蔗种植区水体中具有中等生态风险。丁草胺在长江流域水体中部分点具有中高风险。异丙甲草胺在广西种植区水体中具有潜在中等风险。甲草胺和丙草胺暴露无潜在风险。酰胺类除草剂对我国地表水生态系统的毒害效应值得长期关注。研究结果可为中国酰胺类除草剂水环境质量基准和标准的制/修订和污染控制提供科学依据。