安阳市冬季观测期间PM2.5污染特征及来源解析

为探究安阳市冬季PM_(2.5)的污染特征及来源,于2019年11月19—26日在安阳市3个站点(柏庄镇政府、红庙街小学、安阳师专)采集PM_(2.5)样品,并对PM_(2.5)质量浓度和无机元素、水溶性离子进行测定,利用正定矩阵因子模型(PMF)并结合大气污染源排放清单进行源解析。结果表明:观测期间安阳市的PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为104.09μg/m~3,水溶性离子平均质量浓度为48.9μg/m~3,占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的46.9%。PMF解析结果为二次源58.9%、燃煤源15.7%、机动车排放源9.2%、扬尘源8.6%、工业源2.5%、其他源5.1%。结合2018年安阳市大气污染源排放清单对二次源贡献进行重新分配,得到安阳市PM_(2.5)主要贡献来自燃煤源29.8%、工业源28.5%、机动车源27.1%。后向轨迹聚类结果显示,安阳市气团输送路径主要有远距离传输、城市间输送和本地运输3类,其中本地运输占比最大,其次为正南和东南方向上的城市间输送。     

Shellac-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for removal of cadmium(II) ions from aqueous solution

This study describes a new effective adsorbent for cadmium removal from aqueous solution synthesized by coating a shellac layer, a natural biodegradable and renewable resin with abundant hydroxyl and carboxylic groups, on the surface of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging showed shellac-coated magnetic nanoparticle (SCMN) adsorbents had a core-shell structure with a core of 20 nm and shell of 5 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic analysis suggested the occurrence of reaction between carboxyl groups on the SCMN adsorbent surface and cadmium ions in aqueous solution. Kinetic data were well described by pseudo second-order model and adsorption isotherms were fitted with both Langmuir and Freundlich models with maximum adsorption capacity of 18.80 mg/g. SCMN adsorbents provided a favorable adsorption capacity under high salinity conditions, and cadmium could easily be desorbed using mild organic acid solutions at low concentration.     

Size distributions of aerosol and water-soluble ions in Nanjing during a crop residual burning event

To investigate the impact on urban air pollution by crop residual burning outside Nanjing, aerosol concentration, pollution gas concentration, mass concentration, and water-soluble ion size distribution were observed during one event of November 4-9, 2010. Results show that the size distribution of aerosol concentration is bimodal on pollution days and normal days, with peak values at 60-70 and 200-300 nm, respectively. Aerosol concentration is 10⁴ cm^-3. nm^-1 on pollution days. The peak value of spectrum distribution of aerosol concentration on pollution days is 1.5-3.3 times higher than that on a normal day. Crop residual burning has a great impact on the concentration of fine particles. Diurnal variation of aerosol concentration is trimodal on pollution days and normal days, with peak values at 03:00, 09:00 and 19:00 local standard time. The first peak is impacted by meteorological elements, while the second and third peaks are due to human activities, such as rush hour traffic. Crop residual burning has the greatest impact on SO₂ concentration, followed by NO₂, O₃ is hardly affected. The impact of crop residual burning on fine particles (< 2.1 μm) is larger than on coarse particles (> 2.1 μm), thus ion concentration in fine particles is higher than that in coarse particles. Crop residual burning leads to similar increase in all ion components, thus it has a small impact on the water-soluble ions order. Crop residual burning has a strong impact on the size distribution of K⁺, Cl^-, Na⁺, and F^- and has a weak impact on the size distributions of NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃^- and SO₄^2-.     

Aminobenzenesulfonamide functionalized SBA-15 nanoporous molecular sieve: A new and promising adsorbent for preconcentration of lead and copper ions

A rapid method for the extraction and monitoring of nanogram level of Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions using uniform silanized mesopor (SBA-15) functionalized with aminobenzenesulfonamide groups and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) is presented. Aminobenzenesulfonamide functionalized SBA-15 was synthesized according to procedure in the literature and the presence of organic groups in the silica framework was demonstrated by FT-IR spectra. The functionalized product showed the BET surface area 110 m²/g and pore diameter 5.1 nm, based on adsorption-desorption of N₂ at 77 K. The effect of several variables such as (amount of adsorbent, stirring time, pH and presence of other ions in the medium) has been studied. Lead and copper were completely extracted at pH greater than 3 after stirring for 10 min. The maximum capacity of the adsorbent was found to be 191.3 ± 1.4 and 155.0 ± 1.0 μg of lead and copper ions/mg functionalized SBA-15, respectively. The preconcentration factor of the method was found to be 200. The detection limit of the technique was 3.4 and 0.4 ng/mL for Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺, respectively. The applications of this methodology for real samples were examined by various water type, black tea and pepper samples.     

藏南羊卓雍错湖水化学空间分异特征

2010年7月对藏南羊卓雍错流域进行了水样采集,通过测定与分析,揭示了流域最大湖泊羊卓雍错表层湖水化学水平分布特征和深水剖面变化规律,并探讨了该湖与流域其他水体化学性质的差异。结果表明:流域特殊的高寒气候、湖泊形状与补给来源、湖岸水系发育程度不同是造成羊卓雍错湖水化学空间分异特征明显的关键。在水平方向上,湖水HCO3-、Ca2+以及矿化度南高北低,而SO42-和Mg2+南低北高。这是由于湖水从南向北缓慢流动过程中蒸发浓缩所致;卡鲁雄曲径流量经空姆错补给羊卓雍错北部,使其矿化度较低。在垂直方向上,愈向湖泊深处,湖水SO42-、Cl-、CO32-和矿化度愈大,HCO3-则降低。与流域其他湖泊相比,羊卓雍错水化学性质与同属以降水补给为主的湖泊相近,与以冰雪融水补给为主的湖泊差异显著。与河水和地下水相比,羊卓雍错湖水SO42-和Mg2+当量浓度最大,河水和地下水则HCO3-和Ca2+含量较大。     

一种pH荧光特性物质的合成及其特性研究

合成并表征了化合物:N,N'-二苯丙氨酸铵-3,4,9,10-苝四羧酸二酰亚胺(PDCDA).研究了pH值变化对其水溶液可见吸收光谱和荧光发射光谱的影响,探讨了荧光强度变化的机理,并利用PDCDA构建了具有“开-关”特性的pH荧光传感器.结果表明,PDCDA化合物水溶性好、荧光量子产率高,荧光强度与pH值间有着强烈的依赖关系,在碱性及中性溶液中荧光强度较强且稳定,而在酸性溶液中荧光被淬灭,PDCDA在一个非常窄的pH范围内荧光强度发生了明显的变化, pH值的改变对发光团π-π堆积产生影响进而导致其荧光发射光谱和可见吸收光谱发生改变.PDCDA可用作水溶液的pH荧光传感器,检测pH值范围为3.8~6.3.     

重金属离子与依诺沙星相互作用的荧光光谱法研究

荧光分析法是利用物质的荧光性质对物质进行分析的方法,文章应用荧光法研究了不同温度下重金属离子Cu2+、Pb2+及Mn2+与喹诺酮类药物依诺沙星(ENX)的相互作用。结果表明:Cu2+、Pb2+及Mn2+对ENX内源荧光的猝灭机制属于形成复合物所引起的静态猝灭,利用Stern-Volmer关系式计算了ENX与重金属离子Cu2+、Pb2+及Mn2+之间的猝灭常数KSV及结合位点数,根据热力学参数(自由能变ΔG、焓变ΔH、熵变ΔS)确定了ENX与重金属离子之间的主要作用力类型为静电作用力。该研究为探讨环境中重金属离子与ENX的作用机理和环境效应提供了理论依据。     

青岛大气气溶胶水溶性无机离子的粒径分布特征

为了解大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的来源及环境效应,利用安德森采样器连续采集青岛近海2008年1~12月大气颗粒物分级样品,用离子色谱法分析其中主要的水溶性离子,并讨论其粒径分布特征.结果表明, NH4+、K+、Cl-、NO3-、PO43-、SO42-主要存在于粒径小于2.1μm的细粒子中,Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-则主要存在于粒径大于2.1μm的粗粒子中.各离子的粒径分布存在明显的季节变化.NH4+、K+和SO42-四季均主要分布于细粒子中,而Mg2+和Ca2+则主要分布在粗粒子中,两者均在3.3~4.7μm出现峰值;Na+在春、夏、秋3个季节主要存在于粗粒子中,集中分布在3.3~7.0μm粒径范围内,而在冬季则集中分布于0.43~1.1μm且细粒子含量高于粗粒子;春季Cl-在粗粒子中分布较多,尤以2.1~3.3μm范围内的最为突出,而其他3个季节均是细粒子比例明显偏高;NO3-春、夏两季在粗、细粒子中的含量各占50%,秋、冬季节均为细粒子占多数;PO43-夏季只出现在0.65~1.1μm以及>11μm的粒径范围内,粗粒子占95%,其他3个季节则是细粒子含量较高;春季F-在3.3~4.7μm出现峰值,夏季各粒径均未检出,而秋、冬两季粗、细粒子各占50%.K+、NH4+、F-、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-和PO43-受供暖期燃煤取暖的影响较大.K+和NH4+在供暖期和非供暖期峰值均出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径范围;F-供暖期在0.43~0.65μm和3.3~4.7μm粒径段出现峰值;供暖期Cl-的峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径段,而在非供暖期,则出现在2.1~3.3μm的粗粒径段;SO42-和NO3-在供暖期和非供暖期的峰值均出现在0.43~0.65μm和3.3~4.7μm粒径段;供暖期PO43-的最大峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径段,而在非供暖期其最大峰值出现在3.3~4.7μm粒径段.     

夏季广州城区细颗粒物PM_(2.5)和PM_(1.0)中水溶性无机离子特征

于2008年7月1～31日在广州城区每天采集PM2.5和PM1.0样品.利用离子色谱分析了样品中Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-、Cl-、NO3-和SO24-等9种离子组分质量浓度,并同步收集气象因子、大气散射系数、大气能见度以及SO2、NO2、O3气体污染物质量浓度等数据.结果表明,PM2.5和PM1.0中水溶性无机离子总浓度分别为(25.5±10.9)μg·m-3和(22.7±10.5)μg·m-3,分别占PM2.5和PM1.0质量浓度的(47.9±4.3)%和(49.3±4.3)%.SO42-占PM2.5和PM1.0中质量浓度百分比最高,分别为(25.8±4.0)%和(27.5±4.5)%.较高的温度和O3浓度有利于SO24-的生成,较高相对湿度有利于NO3-的生成.PM2.5和PM1.0中亲水性较强的SO42-、NH4+和NO3-对散射系数和能见度影响较大.     

上海市大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的粒径分布特征

分析了上海市嘉定区不同粒径的大气颗粒物中9种水溶性离子(SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、K+、Na+、Cl-、Ca2+、Mg2+、F-)的分布特征.结果显示,SO42-、NO3-和NH4+含量很高,占9种离子总和的65%～81%.颗粒物的C/A值平均为1.08,说明颗粒物呈中性,略偏碱,这可能与缺少碳酸根等的测定有关.1.5μm颗粒物中的离子占所有粒径段离子的52%～87%,表明离子主要集中在细颗粒物中.NH4+、K+呈单峰分布,峰值出现在0.95μm的颗粒段;SO42-、NO3-、Ca2+、Cl-呈双峰分布,峰值分别出现在0.95μm和3.0～7.2μm的粒径段,其中SO42-、NO3-的较高峰出现在0.95μm的细颗粒段,Ca2+的较高峰出现在3.0μm的颗粒段,Cl-则两峰高度相当;既有双峰分布又有单峰分布的离子是Na+、Mg2+和F-,3种离子的较高峰出现在3.0μm的颗粒段.离子粒径分布与采样期间的气象条件、离子的形成机制和来源有关.