青年决定环保公众参与的未来

环境问题的产生很大程度上是过度消费导致的。青年是社会的未来。青年能否 转换消费观念,树立绿色消费模式,积极投身保护环境,直接决定了未来社会 的发展。     

The role of socio-economic data in food needs assessment and monitoring

This paper reviews six case studies examined as part of a project to review targetting methodologies employed by non-government organisations in Africa during the 1984-6 food crisis. Most agencies have not yet fully evaluated the role of data in informing policy decisions during their respective emergency programmes. The case studies presented reflect a wide variety of approaches to targetting emergency food aid that are based largely on the use of 'socio-economic' data. The recent emergency relief operations in Africa seem to indicate a change in relief agencies' approaches to the assessment and monitoring of needs of the affected populations. Earlier dependance on nutritional data has given way to an increasing reliance on the use of socio-economic indicators. There was a wide variation in the case studies of the type of indicators collected and utilised in needs assessment and monitoring. There were those who relied almost exclusively on nutritional data to target resources during the 1984-86 African crisis, and others whose experiences during that period lead them to attach more weight to socio-economic data. Other agencies appear to have recognised the problems of relying solely on nutritional data to target food aid during their 1984–86 emergency programmes, and thus more or less abandoned classical anthropometric surveys in their needs assessment and monitoring methodologies during this period. Thus nutritional data has a less significant role in the decision making process than previously had been the case.     

Characterization of microbial communities from coastal waters using microarrays

Molecular methods, including DNA probes, were used to identify and enumerate pathogenic Vibrio species in the Chesapeake Bay; our data indicated that Vibrio vulnificus exhibits seasonal fluctuations in number. Our work included a characterization of total microbial communities from the Bay; development of microarrays that identify and quantify the diversity of those communities; and observation of temporal changes in those communities. To identify members of the microbial community, we amplified the 16S rDNA gene from community DNA isolated from a biofilm sample collected from the Chesapeake Bay in February, 2000. The resultant 75 sequences were 95% or more similar to 7 species including two recently described Shewanella species, baltica and frigidimarina, that have not been previously isolated from the Chesapeake. When the genera of bacteria from biofilm after culturing are compared to those detected by subcloning amplified 16S fragments from community DNA, the cultured sample exhibited a strong bias. In oysters collected in February, the most common bacteria were previously unknown. Based on our 16S findings, we are developing microarrays to detect these and other microbial species in these estuarine communities. The microarrays will detect each species using four distinct loci, with the multiple loci serving as an internal control. The accuracy of the microarray will be measured using sentinel species such as Aeromonas species, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio vulnificus. Using microarrays, it should be possible to determine the annual fluctuations of bacterial species (culturable and non-culturable, pathogenic and non-pathogenic). The data may be applied to understanding patterns of environmental change; assessing the health of the Bay; and evaluating the risk of human illness associated with exposure to and ingestion of water and shellfish.     

海面原油的挥发

本文对于海面溢油的扩散及其挥发现象,进行了简易的模型试验研究。采用以前发表过的计算原理进行了挥发过程中的空气动力学的计算。文中对热动力学部分,即油的特性与油的风化过程,也进行了详细的的描述。将实验室数据与海洋现场实测数据进行比较后。证明该模型是成功的 同时也证明,在波浪的作用下,油与水的混合对溢油挥发的影响很小,可忽略不计,鉴于在实验室试验初始阶段,尚不能确定波浪与乳化作用对溢油挥发的影响程度,我们有目的地使油的扩散模型尽可能简化。本文给出了计算油膜边缘扩散速度的公式,并提出油膜临界厚度这一概念,小于这一厚度,油膜停止扩散。继而指明了影响溢油挥发的重要因素。本文还列举了溢油挥发的实例,并叙述了风速与温度对溢油挥发的影响。     

公众利益风险管理──能源技术对社会与经济影响的研究

一、引言本文研究的是有关风险与利益决策的模型框图，以及如何通过更加合理、科学的管理改进决策的方法。进行此项工作的目的之一是建立社会风险通用的管理方法。起初本来准备研究核能对整个社会经济的影响，但随着研究的深入，我们发现难以孤立地评价单一能源技术对整个社会经济的影响。这样，有必要深入研究既产生财富和福利，也包含风险的实践活动的管理，也有必要研究替代能源以及能源短缺的后果。能源选择研究足以延续到将来很长时间（300年），所以应该研究“持续性（sustainability）”的概念，包括长期的环境后果。二、研究结构第…     

一种岩石地球化学勘探法—用判别分析法确定黑思斯提耳(Heath Steele)矿山的微量元素晕

一、前言 纽布朗斯威克(New Brunswick)北部许多层状硫化物矿床都产生在火成碎屑石英长石斑岩和沉积岩岩系中,这些岩石已变质为绿色片岩相。矿物蚀变如果真有的话,它都局限在岩石中矿化作用的附近;产生上盘和下盘的斑状岩石,在所研究的标本上没有差别。     

大气质量影响分析(一)

自从美国于1959年首次开展环境影响评价工作之后,发展十分迅速,目前已成为环境科学的重要组成部分。我国自1973年起也开展了这方面的工作,但是我们的工作还处在探索发展阶段,急需借鉴国外有益的经验。由美国加利福尼亚大学JOHN G RAU和DAVID WOOTEN主编的“环境影响分析”手册是一本从事环境影响评价工作的重要参考书。本刊特组织有关同志选译该书的第三章,供读者参考。本期刊载该章的第一部分,其余两部分将在本刊陆续连载。     

1982年地球动力学概况

<正> 美国地球动力学委员会于3月在奥斯汀举行了一次专题讨论会,就岩石圈的一些学术争论问题进行了讨论。人们期望这样一次讨论会能为将来研究一些最有潜力的领域提供借鉴(正在撰写一份报告将发表在《科学》杂志上)。奥斯汀会议集中讨论了人们对全球大地构造的现有认识的性质:我们已经作过哪些假设?这些假设的正确程度如何?全球大地构造的主要问题是什么?面对不断出现的、不符合传统板块构造模式的大量资料应该怎么处理?按照新的资料应该对这个模式作哪些改进等。讨论岩石圈的障碍之一,就是它     

苏联利用采矿的废弃物生产建筑材料

在苏联有色冶金中采矿所消耗的费用约占50％,而劳力的消费占60％。用于露天和井下开采的消费为基本工业生产总值的30～40％。采矿的方式主要为露天开采,其比重约占65％。通常矿石中主要金属含量不高,因而为开采每吨矿     

石油在海水中的分解过程的模型试验及其某些结果

在海洋中,最普遍的污染物质就是石油和石油产品。在海岸、石油开采区和紧张通航的区域形成的污染场不断地往远离这个区域的地方扩散,并在时间和空间上都趋于稳定。往往有这种情况:在离岸很远的距离内石油产品的含量会大大超过通常极限允许浓度(пдк)的标准。