Archaeological Evidence of Validity of Fish Populations on Unexploited Reefs as Proxy Targets for Modern Populations

Reef‐fish management and conservation is hindered by a lack of information on fish populations prior to large‐scale contemporary human impacts. As a result, relatively pristine sites are often used as conservation baselines for populations near sites affected by humans. This space‐for‐time approach can only be validated by sampling assemblages through time. We used archaeological remains to evaluate whether the remote, uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) might provide a reasonable proxy for a lightly exploited baseline in the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI). We used molecular and morphological techniques to describe the taxonomic and size composition of the scarine parrotfish catches present in 2 archaeological assemblages from the MHI, compared metrics of these catches with modern estimates of reproductive parameters to evaluate whether catches represented by the archaeological material were consistent with sustainable fishing, and evaluated overlap between size structures represented by the archaeological material and modern survey data from the MHI and the NWHI to assess whether a space‐for‐time substitution is reasonable. The parrotfish catches represented by archaeological remains were consistent with sustainable fishing because they were dominated by large, mature individuals whose average size remained stable from prehistoric (AD approximately 1400–1700) through historic (AD 1700–1960) periods. The ancient catches were unlike populations in the MHI today. Overlap between the size structure of ancient MHI catches and modern survey data from the NWHI or the MHI was an order of magnitude greater for the NWHI comparison, a result that supports the validity of using the NWHI parrotfish data as a proxy for the MHI before accelerated, heavy human impacts in modern times. Evidencia Arqueológica de la Validez de Poblaciones de Peces en Arrecifes Sin Explotar como Objetivos de Apoderamiento para Poblaciones Actuales     

珠三角区域空气质量指数(RAQI)的研究

区域空气质量指数(Regional Air Quality Index,RAQI)是粤港政府联合发布、反映珠三角区域内不同地区的空气质量状况的评级系统。虽然RAQI综合考虑了空气污染的总量水平,较我国空气污染指数(Air Pollution Index,API)系统增加了O3,一定程度地考虑了大气氧化性增高的问题,但其所表征的空气质量状况与实际空气污染水平和公众感受仍存在差异。对2006年珠三角和香港监测数据的研究表明,RAQI较API能更充分地体现空气质量的分级;小时RAQI能够实时准确地反映了环境质量的变化,较每日RAQI更具有实际意义;加入PM2.5或采用不同的O3、PM10和PM2.5环境质量标准,是影响RAQI的重要因素。PM2.5/PM10为0.7,比世界卫生组织推荐的PM2.5/PM10为0.5的比例更符合珠三角的实际情况。因此,增加细粒子污染物PM2.5,适当调严某些污染物的环境质量标准,增加RAQI的发布频次,可以使RAQI更全面、准确地反映区域空气污染状况,是RAQI改进的方向。     

垃圾堆填区渗出液对干旱季节树苗生长的影响

本试验于１９９４年７月至１月在香港望后石垃圾堆填区进行,研究了垃圾堆填区渗出液浇灌对几种亚热带树种生长及其生理学过程的影响．结果表明,在高温低湿、植物遭受水分亏缺的条件下,应用适当浓度的垃圾堆填区渗出液浇灌同水灌和肥水灌溉类似,可显著地提高树苗的移栽成活率,促进树苗的生长,尤其对耐干旱能力低的树种,其效果更为显著．与对照相比,用适当浓度的渗出液或水浇灌显著地改善植株的水分关系,降低叶片的脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）含量,促进气孔的开放．另外,处理植株叶片的光合特性也得到了不同程度的改善．根据以上结果,作者认为,在干旱季节植物遭受严重水分亏缺的条件下,应用适当浓度的垃圾堆填区渗出液浇灌可显著地缓解干旱对树苗生长的影响,为综合治理垃圾堆填区渗出液提供了一条经济、实用和可行的途径．     

香港汀角红树植物、沉积物及双壳类动物重金属含量

汀角有香港面积最大的硬底质红树林,作者调查了该红树林区沉积物、红树植物以及双壳类动物体内重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn和Ni)的含量.总体看,沉积物中重金属含量与其他地点相比较低,红树植物根际沉积物中重金属含量高于光滩.红树植物组织内重金属含量较低,体内Pb、Zn的含量均低于根际沉积物,但对Cu、Ni有一定的富集,Cu可在根部和叶内富集,而Ni只在根部富集,并束缚于此.双壳类动物对4种重金属的吸收存在较大差异,Zn、Cu的富集明显高于Pb和Ni的富集程度.5种动物中又以岩蠔最高,体内的Zn、Cu分别达到3913, 378mg/g.从重金属含量看,作为食用动物有一定的风险.     

Choice and Constraints in Floodplain Occupation: The Influence of Structural Factors on Residential Location in Peninsular Malaysia

In Peninsular Malaysia 'structural' factors are found to influence strongly people's persistent occupation of floodplains. Thus, despite a high level of flood hazard awareness, a high level of pessimism and a high level of expectation of future floods, poorer individuals seldom attempt to leave for more advantageous locations but are instead trapped in their present locations by structural factors such as poverty, low residential and occupational mobility, low educational attainment, traditional land inheritance, government aid, and government disaster preparedness, relief and rehabilitation programmes. These forces exert a strong influence upon individuals and largely control their choice of residential location in response to flood hazards, thereby reinforcing the persistent occupation of floodplains. Structural factors such as lawlessness, rural—urban migration, floodplain encroachment and squatting are also highly influential in leading people to move. Even for those who move, structural factors have largely confined their choice of residential location to urban floodplains.     

反复等向加卸载路径下粉质黏土变形特性研究

黏土的变形特性与应力路径密切相关,直接影响到相关工程的安全性。针对三峡库岸某路基边坡粉质黏土,采用应力路径控制试验系统,开展了两组等向固结应力状态下反复多次的加卸载试验,揭示了土体的体积变形发展规律,发现再固结过程呈现为一条先平缓后变陡的曲线,说明前期固结压力范围内的再加载也会产生不可恢复的塑性变形,且变形速率随加卸载循环次数逐渐减小。最后,结合试验曲线特点,建立了土体再固结系数与加卸载次数及应力状态相关的数学模型,能够较好的模拟反复等向加卸载条件下土样的体变特征,且可预测土体经历更多次加卸载循环中的次固结过程,为土体的持续塑性变形分析和预测提供参考。     

广州市机动车排放因子隧道测试研究

选取广州城市隧道进行连续48h的监测,获得了隧道内NOx,CO,SO2,PM10和HC等污染物的浓度、交通和气象等实测数据,计算出隧道内机动车NOx,CO,SO2,PM-10和HC的单车平均排放因子分别为1.38,15.40,0.14,0.64和1.86g/(km*辆),并得到了8类机动车各种排放污染物的综合排放因子.      

综合环境下舰载导弹弹上计算机加速寿命试验研究

目的 研究一种综合考虑陆上环境与舰船环境多应力下的舰载导弹弹上计算机加速寿命试验方法,能更具代表性和真实性地描述产品在综合环境条件下的环境应力,进而为环境应力剖面尽可能准确地折算为加速应力剖面奠定基础。通过加速寿命试验,将产品贮存时间加速至目标年限,验证与评估产品剩余贮存寿命。方法 针对舰船工作环境条件,从搭载研究对象的舰船出海海况入手,利用海况与舰船振动量值的对应关系,确定舰船振动应力。结合考虑综合环境下的其他应力,研究出一种结合温度–振动–电应力等环境条件的加速试验方法,以已经达到设计贮存寿命期限的舰载导弹弹上计算机为试验对象,开展温度–振动–电应力综合加速寿命试验。结果 通过运用温度–振动–电应力的加速寿命试验方法,验证和评估了某型舰载导弹弹上计算机具备延寿至目标年限的剩余贮存寿命,取得了良好的试验效果。结论 根据舰船工作环境对贮存寿命的影响,针对性地研究了舰船振动加速试验,给出一个更加贴合实际寿命的寿命评估结果,为后续延寿研究工作提供了可靠依据。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液灌溉对土壤微生物生物量及酶活性的影响

用粘土和壤土为材料，研究垃圾填埋场渗滤液灌溉对土壤微生物生物量及酶活性的影响，结果表明：经1年的渗滤液浇灌后，土壤中的各种营养元素与对照相比表现出明显的积效应；渗滤液浇灌后的土壤微生物生物量均以用50％的渗滤涂稀释液浇灌处理为最高，种植植物（狗牙根）能促进土壤微生物的活性，从而提高微生物生物量；酶活性变化与此相似，但粘土经渗滤液浇灌后酶活性增强增大，除了原液烧灌处理的过氧化物酶活性在α=0.05水平下与对照差异显著；其他酶活性均在α=0.01水平下与对照差异显著，壤土除了多酚氧化酶活性在α=0.01水平下与对照差异显著，其他大多在α=0.05水平下表现出与对照的差异。     

珠三角地区大气中HCFC-22的浓度观测和变化趋势初步研究

通过罐采样和预浓缩-色谱/质谱方法,对珠三角地区广州城区和鼎湖山大气中HCFC-22进行了初步的观测和分析.结果表明,2005年广州城区HCFC-22年平均体积分数达到(479.5±241.4)×10-12,鼎湖山仅为(244.4±51.3)×10-12.广州城区大气HCFC-22日变化幅度夏秋季节相对较大,而鼎湖山日变化不明显;广州城区大气HCFC-22的体积分数夏秋季节高于冬春季节,鼎湖山则相反.与城区HCFC-22排放的季节性有关,夏秋季节广州城区与鼎湖山HCFC-22体积分数差别很大,冬春季节则比较接近.初步研究结果表明,广州城区和鼎湖山大气HCFC-22的体积分数呈现快速增长趋势,年增长率分别达到6.57%和7.28%,约为一些全球基准观测站(NOAA/CMDL)的1.9～2.8倍.