大粒径厨余垃圾水热碳化制备炭燃料

开展了不同温度条件（150～300℃）下大粒径（>2 cm）厨余垃圾水热碳化实验,研究了水热炭的理化性质、燃烧特性和关键元素迁移规律.实验结果表明,当水热温度过低,厨余垃圾颗粒尺寸影响水热碳化效果;大粒径厨余垃圾碳化需更高的水热温度;水热温度250～300℃产生的水热炭具有高热值(24.48～26.9 MJ·kg^-1)、高燃料比（0.44～0.56）、高含碳量（59.6%～65.6%）和低含灰量（8.51%～4.35%）的特点.随着水热温度提高,水热炭中碳含量升高、灰含量下降;水热炭的着火温度、燃烬温度、挥发分释放特性指数VI、可燃性指数CI和综合燃烧特性指数CP均上升,提高了燃烧稳定性;同时水热炭中K、Na浓度降低,有利于降低水热炭燃烧结焦;N、S在水热炭中分布比例下降,这将减少水热炭燃烧的烟气污染物排放.因此,水热碳化能实现大粒径厨余垃圾的燃料化利用.     

Coastal dynamic and shoreline mapping: multi-sources spatial data analysis in Semarang Indonesia

Semarang coastal area has geomorphologically complex processes, such as erosion-sedimentation, land subsidence, and tidal inundation hazard. Multi-years shoreline mapping is considered a valuable task for coastal monitoring and assessment. This paper presents maps illustrating the shoreline dynamic in a coastal area of Semarang-Indonesia using multi-sources spatial data. The segment data has been obtained by visual delineation of the topographic maps Year 1908, 1937, 1992 and Ikonos image Year 2003 as well as digital number (DN) value analysis and masking operation of Landsat MSS Year 1972 and Landsat ETM Year 2001. For the long period of almost 100 year, the shoreline dynamic in Semarang coastal area is dominated by sedimentation process. Shoreline extended to the sea as a result of man-made infrastructure and natural processes. The research's result was satisfactory and the method has proven to be effective considering lack of homogeneous data-series. However, some further improvement regarding geo-processing can be made and the accuracy can be tested in future version.     

Community fire use,resource change,and livelihood impacts: The downward spiral in the wetlands of southern Sumatra

Fire is an important community wetland management tool in Indonesia, but its increasing use in the wetlands of southern Sumatra is degrading the landscape and diminishing household incomes and livelihood options. We studied evolving community land and fire use, resource and livelihood impacts on two sites of roughly 250 km² each using satellite image analysis and biological and socio-economic surveys. Uncontrolled fire use expanded over time in relation to sonor or swamp rice cultivation, logging, fishing, grazing, and annual cropping on drained wetlands. As a result, most of the landscape has been subject to repeated fires of varying intensities, more extensive in El Niño years. Direct burning by companies played a smaller transitory role in fire ignition over the two decades. But company activities and other large-scale developments contributed to expanding community fire-based land use by bringing in more people, improving access to remote wetlands or making them more flammable. Widespread, repeated fires have transformed the landscape from mature high swamp forests to uniform stands of fire-resistant Gelam (Melaleuca cajuputi) forests and thickets, open savannas and grasslands. These new types of land cover are also degrading. Local communities have rapidly adapted to the changing resources and new opportunities. Logging and fishing declined in importance, and sonor and harvesting of Gelam expanded. But resource depletion has led to falling incomes and fewer livelihood options. The impacts extend beyond local areas as workers migrate into neighbouring forests to extract resources. Large-scale developments, community fire-based management practices and landscape transformation are spreading from accessible to formerly more remote wetlands.     

A mathematical model to investigate the impact of overgrowing population-induced mining on forest resources

Here, we develop a mathematical model which investigates the impact of growing population and rampant mining on forest resources, present in an urban region. In order to demonstrate the effect imposed by the overgrowing population on the environment, population pressure is incorporated in the model, which augments mining activities in the given region. The obtained model is studied qualitatively using stability theory of differential equations, while it is quantitatively analyzed through numerical simulation. The results of the model reveal that a whopping increase in unchecked mining activities, induced through excessive population growth, leads to declination of forest resources in a region. Therefore, sustainable mining is suggested through control measures imposed by the government on mining activities.