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Ikemoto T Tu NP Watanabe MX Okuda N Omori K Tanabe S Tuyen BC Takeuchi I 《Chemosphere》2008,72(1):104-114
The present study elucidated the biomagnification profiles of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) through a tropical aquatic food web of Vietnam based on trophic characterization using stable nitrogen analysis. Various biological samples collected from the main stream of the Mekong Delta were provided for the analysis for both POPs, and stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios. Of the POPs analyzed, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs) were the predominant contaminants with concentrations ranging from 0.058 to 12 ng/g wet weight, followed by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at 0.017-8.9 ng/g, chlordane compounds (CHLs) at 0.0043-0.76 ng/g, tris-4-chlorophenyl methane (TCPMe) at N.D.-0.26 ng/g, hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) at N.D.-0.20 ng/g and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) at 0.0021-0.096 ng/g. Significant positive increases of concentrations in DDTs, CHLs, and TCPMe against the stable nitrogen ratio (delta(15)N) were detected, while, concentrations of HCHs and HCB showed no significant increase. The slopes of the regression equations between the log-transformed concentrations of these POPs and delta(15)N were used as indices of biomagnification. The slopes of the POPs for which positive biomagnification was detected ranged from 0.149 to 0.177 on a wet weight basis. The slopes of DDTs and CHLs were less than those reported for a marine food web of the Arctic Ocean, indicating that less biomagnification had occurred in the tropical food web. Of the isomers of CHLs, unlike the studies of the Arctic Ocean, oxychlordane did not undergo significant biomagnification through the food web of the Mekong Delta. This difference is considered to be due to a lack of marine mammals, which might metabolize cis- and trans-chlordane to oxychlordane, in the Mekong Delta ecosystem. The biomagnification profile of TCPMe is reported for the first time in the present study. 相似文献
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An experiment was carried out to study the degradation of commercially produced chlornitrofen (2,4,6-trichlorophenyl p-nitrophenyl ether; CNP) herbicide contaminated with 1,3,6,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,3,6,8-tetraCDD) by means of the white rot fungus Phlebia brevispora TMIC33929. Recently, we reported that 1,3,6,8-tetraCDD was degraded by P. brevispora. In the degradation experiment using CNP standard compounds, CNP was transformed into several metabolites including monomethoxylated compounds and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by P. brevispora. When the mixture of CNP and 1,3,6,8-tetraCDD was treated with P. brevispora, each substrate was degraded and metabolites were detected. The treatment of the commercially produced CNP herbicide by P. brevispora led to the degradation of CNP and contaminated 1,3,6,8-tetraCDD as a result. These results indicate that P. brevispora can degrade CNP and 1,3,6,8-tetraCDD at the same time, and that biological treatment of commercially produced CNP herbicide is possible. 相似文献
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Dietary choices largely affect human-induced reactive nitrogen accumulation in the environment and resultant environmental problems. A nitrogen footprint (NF) is an indicator of how an individual’s consumption patterns impact nitrogen pollution. Here, we examined the impact of changes in the Japanese diet from 1961 to 2011 and the effect of alternative diets (the recommended protein diet, a pescetarian diet, a low-NF food diet, and a balanced Japanese diet) on the food NF. The annual per capita Japanese food NF has increased by 55% as a result of dietary changes since 1961. The 1975 Japanese diet, a balanced omnivorous diet that reportedly delays senescence, with a protein content similar to the current level, reduced the current food NF (15.2 kg N) to 12.6 kg N, which is comparable to the level in the recommended protein diet (12.3 kg N). These findings will help consumers make dietary choices to reduce their impacts on nitrogen pollution. 相似文献
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Geographical variations in the trophic ecology of Japanese anchovy, Engraulis
japonicus, inferred from carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) and their stomach contents were examined and compared among various regions around Japan. Geographical variations in the
isotope ratios were found between inshore and Pacific offshore regions. While most of the anchovy samples had isotope ratios
around −17.6‰ for δ13C and 10.0‰ for δ15N as median values, higher (more enriched) isotope values were found in the anchovy sampled from inshore regions. On the contrary,
lower (more depleted) values were found mostly in the anchovy from the Pacific offshore region including the Kuroshio Extension
and Kuroshio-Oyashio transition zones. Higher carbon isotope ratios in the inshore regions may reflect a carbon source from
benthic primary producers in addition to phytoplankton possibly through the consumption of the larvae of benthic organisms
such as bivalves or decapods, which were found in the stomach contents of the inshore anchovy. Variations in the nitrogen
isotope ratio may reflect not only differences in the trophic level of prey species, but also variations in the baseline level
of food webs. Stable isotope ratios are potentially a useful tool for understanding the stock/population structure and migration
of anchovy. The present findings indicate the potential importance of the “inshore–offshore” variations in the biology of
Japanese anchovy populations in the northwestern Pacific waters. 相似文献
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Kentaro Murano Hitoshi Mukai Shiro Hatakeyama Eun Suk Jang Itsushi Uno 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2000,34(29-30)
Observations of air pollutants were conducted in remote Japanese islands (Oki Island and Okinawa Island) in early spring to clarify the extent of trans-boundary air pollution from the Asian continent. A three-dimensional Eulerian model calculation, which included parameters on emission, transport and transformation of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and ammonia, was performed to compile sulfate isosurface concentrations over the observational sites. Concentrations of non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO42−) of greater than 10 μg m−3 were observed at Oki after the northeastward passage of low-pressure systems in the Sea of Japan. At these times, the weather showed a typical winter pattern and air pollutants over China were transported southeastward to Japan with the northwesterly wind. The model calculation reproduced the observed variations of nss-SO42− concentration well, except for one case in which the model calculation could not reproduce the extremely low nss-SO42− concentration observed on 8 March. In Hedo (Okinawa Island), we observed long-lasting (3 days) medium concentrations of nss-SO42− (approximately 5 μg m−3). Although the model reproduced these observed medium concentrations well, in general the observed results were reproduced better for Oki than for Hedo. Under the synoptic weather conditions of early spring, high concentrations of nss-sulfate were sometimes transported to these remote Japanese islands from areas of continental Asia with a strong outflow of air pollutants. 相似文献
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Environmental and Ecological Statistics - 相似文献
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Ichiro Naruse Ryo Yoshiie Tsutomu Kameshima Tsuyoshi Takuwa 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2010,12(2):154-160
Homogeneous oxidation reactions of gaseous elemental mercury were experimentally tested to study the behavior of mercury compounds
that contribute to toxic emissions in combustion flue gas. Chemical equilibrium calculations and reaction kinetics analysis
were also carried out to help explain the experimental results. In particular, the chemical forms of oxidized mercury and
their reaction paths were verified in detail. Among the experimental results, molecular chlorine was confirmed to have a higher
oxidizing ability toward elemental mercury than hydrogen chloride does. From the chemical equilibrium calculation, the final
product of mercury compounds oxidized by chlorine was confirmed to be mercury chloride (HgCl2). Numerical analyses of reaction kinetics were mostly consistent with the experimental results and the chemical equilibrium
calculations. The ratio of mercury oxidization by chlorine increases with temperature from 473 K to 873 K, although it decreases
at temperatures higher than 1000 K. Sensitivity analysis revealed the dominant reaction path of the mercury oxidation by chlorine.
First, elemental mercury reacts with Cl radicals to form HgCl. Then, the HgCl reacts with Cl2 to produce HgCl2. 相似文献
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This paper examines the long-term variation in zooplankton biomass in response to climatic and oceanic changes, using a neural network as a nonlinear multivariate analysis method. Zooplankton data collected from 1951 to 1990 off the shore of northeastern Japan were analyzed. We considered patterns of the Kuroshio and the Oyashio, sea surface temperature, and meteorological parameters as environmental factors that affect zooplankton biomass. Back propagation neural networks were trained to generate mapping functions between environmental variables and zooplankton biomass. The performance of the network models was tested by varying the numbers of input and hidden units. Changes in zooplankton biomass could be predicted from environmental conditions. The neural network yielded predictions with smaller errors than those of predictions determined by linear multiple regression. The sensitivity analysis of networks was used to extract predictive knowledge. The air pressure, sea surface temperature, and some indices of atmospheric circulation were the primary factors for predictions. The patterns of the Kuroshio and the Oyashio demonstrated different effects among sea areas. 相似文献
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Evaluation of surface runoff and road dust as sources of nitrogen using nitrate isotopic composition 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stable nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of nitrate (δ15N-NO3 and δ18O-NO3) have recently been used to identify nitrogen sources in water environments. However, there have been no investigations designed to determine nitrate isotopes in non-point sources in urban areas for evaluating the impact of surface deposits on nitrogen in surface runoff. In this study, we collected rainwater, surface runoff and surface deposits (road dust, roof dust and soil) to evaluate the nitrogen sources in surface runoff using nitrate isotopes. There were no large differences in δ15N-NO3 among rainwater (−0.3‰ to 1.5‰), surface runoff (−2.7‰ to 0.4‰), leachates from road dust (−5.8‰ to 6.2‰) and soil (−11.5‰ to 0.6‰). In contrast, the δ18O-NO3 in surface runoff (28.5-47.9‰) was lower than that in rainwater (62.7-78.6‰), and higher than that in leachates from road dust (6.1-27.6‰) and soil (−1.1‰ to 6.6‰). δ18O-NO3 is a useful indicator for evaluating the NO3-N sources in surface runoff. Using this indicator, NO3-N from road dust was estimated to account for more than half of the NO3-N in surface runoff. This is consistent with a result based on a comparison of their loads per unit surface between rainwater and surface runoff, which also showed that most of the nitrogen in surface runoff was derived from surface deposits. 相似文献