不同生育期光合碳在水稻-土壤系统中的分配及输入效率

为了研究不同生育期光合碳在水稻-土壤系统中的分配与输入效率,通过盆栽试验,采用13C-CO₂脉冲标记法,定量研究水稻不同生育期(分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期)内光合碳在水稻-(根际/非根际)土壤系统中的分配及其对根际、非根际土壤有机碳的贡献.结果表明:13C-CO₂脉冲标记6 h后,水稻地上部、根系和根际土中13C的丰度最大值均出现在分蘖期,分别达到1 864.7‰、842.6‰和-8.2‰,显著高于后3个生育期.分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期这4个生育期水稻光合13C在地上部的分配比例依次增加,而在根部和根际土中的分配比例逐渐减小;不同生育期水稻光合13C在水稻-土壤系统中的总回收率为72.0%～81.0%,在籽粒中的回收率由1.8%逐渐增至40.3%,在根部和土壤中的回收率逐渐下降,表明水稻生育前期光合作用更强,能够向地下部快速输入“新碳”.水稻生长至成熟后,茎叶中光合13C的分配比例由61.0%～93.1%降至32.8%～74.1%,而在籽粒、根部和根际土中的分配比例分别增加了1～2倍,表明水稻植株在生长过程中光合碳向籽粒和地下部传输.根际沉积效率随水稻的生长逐渐由分蘖期的11.0%降至灌浆期的4.1%;光合碳对土壤有机质的贡献也逐渐减低,而且对根际土的贡献显著大于非根际土,表明水稻生长速率决定了光合碳对土壤有机碳的贡献率,而水稻根际沉积效应是根际土壤有机质获得较高光合碳贡献率的主要原因.该研究进一步量化了水稻生长期间光合碳的分配及其对土壤有机碳库的贡献,有助于深入开展水稻土有机质积累持续机制与固碳潜力研究.      

无机氮和有机氮对水培番茄幼苗碳水化合物积累及氮素吸收的影响

采用2个番茄品种(申粉918、沪樱932),以营养液设置相同氮浓度(3.0 mmol/L,以N计)的NH4 -N、NO3-N、Gly-N三个处理,探讨无机氮(NH4 -N、NO3-N)和有机氮(Gly-N)对番茄幼苗生长、碳水化合物的积累及氮素吸收的影响.结果表明,在无机氮和有机氮存在的营养介质中,NH4 -N、Gly-N对番茄幼苗的生长有明显的抑制作用,对根系尤甚;与NO3-N处理相比,Gly-N、NH4 -N处理均显著提高了叶片可溶性糖、叶片和根系游离氨基酸含量以及各器官氮素含量,降低了叶片淀粉含量、各器官氮素积累量,而Gly-N处理的根系可溶性糖、淀粉含量升高;番茄幼苗基因型差异是否表现与氮素形态有关,以植株根系干重为指标的基因型差异在供应NO3-N时不表现;沪樱932的生长显著优于申粉918;不同品种对有机氮的吸收利用能力不同.     

Levels and major sources of PM2.5 and PM10 in Bangkok Metropolitan Region

This research was the first long-term attempt to concurrently measure and identify major sources of both PM(10) and PM(2.5) in Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR). Ambient PM(10) and PM(2.5) were evaluated at four monitoring stations and analyzed for elemental compositions, water-soluble ions, and total carbon during February 2002-January 2003. Fifteen chemical elements, four water-soluble ions, and total carbon were analyzed to assist major source identification by a receptor model approach, known as chemical mass balance. PM(10) and PM(2.5) were significantly different (p<0.05) at all sites and 24 h averages were high at traffic location while two separated residential sites were similar. Seasonal difference of PM(10) and PM(2.5) concentrations was distinct between dry and wet seasons. Major source of PM(10) at the traffic site indicated that automobile emissions and biomass burning-related sources contributed approximately 33% each. Automobiles contributed approximately 39 and 22% of PM(10) mass at two residential sites while biomass burning contributed about 36 and 28%. PM(10) from re-suspended soil and cooking sources accounted for 10 to 15% at a residential site. Major sources of PM(2.5) at traffic site were automobile and biomass burning, contributing approximately 32 and 26%, respectively. Biomass burning was the major source of PM(2.5) mass concentrations at residential sites. Meat cooking also accounted for 31% of PM(2.5) mass at a low impact site. Automobile, biomass burning, and road dust were less significant, contributed 10, 6, and 5%, respectively. Major sources identification at some location had difficulty to achieve performance criteria due to limited source profiles. Improved in characterize other sources profiles will help local authority to better air quality.     

Levels and major sources of PM2.5 and PM10 in Bangkok Metropolitan Region

This research was the first long-term attempt to concurrently measure and identify major sources of both PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR). Ambient PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were evaluated at four monitoring stations and analyzed for elemental compositions, water-soluble ions, and total carbon during February 2002–January 2003. Fifteen chemical elements, four water-soluble ions, and total carbon were analyzed to assist major source identification by a receptor model approach, known as chemical mass balance. PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were significantly different (p < 0.05) at all sites and 24 h averages were high at traffic location while two separated residential sites were similar. Seasonal difference of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations was distinct between dry and wet seasons. Major source of PM₁₀ at the traffic site indicated that automobile emissions and biomass burning-related sources contributed approximately 33% each. Automobiles contributed approximately 39 and 22% of PM₁₀ mass at two residential sites while biomass burning contributed about 36 and 28%. PM₁₀ from re-suspended soil and cooking sources accounted for 10 to 15% at a residential site. Major sources of PM_2.5 at traffic site were automobile and biomass burning, contributing approximately 32 and 26%, respectively. Biomass burning was the major source of PM_2.5 mass concentrations at residential sites. Meat cooking also accounted for 31% of PM_2.5 mass at a low impact site. Automobile, biomass burning, and road dust were less significant, contributed 10, 6, and 5%, respectively. Major sources identification at some location had difficulty to achieve performance criteria due to limited source profiles. Improved in characterize other sources profiles will help local authority to better air quality.     

有机和常规生产系统中甜瓜氮素吸收差异分析

在甜瓜有机生产系统中,设置3个有机肥料水平处理,即空白(OZ)、半量施肥(OH)和标准施肥(OS),在常规生产系统中设置两个化肥水平处理.即空白(CZ)和正常施肥(CS),以研究有机和常规两种土壤中速效氮的变化及甜瓜对氮素的吸收规律.结果表明,在甜瓜的生长发育过程中,有机肥料向土壤中提供了与常规处理相同水平的速效氮.两种生产系统中甜瓜的生物量和产量差异不显著,且不受施肥水平的影响.甜瓜植株的氮素含量在生育过程中逐渐降低,氮素吸收量逐渐增加,常规处理显著高于有机处理,生产系统内部不同的施肥水平之间差异不显著.常规处理中甜瓜的氮素吸收速率显著高于有机处理,同时植株体内积累了较多的硝态氮从而降低了氮素利用效率.图4表4参22