Dryland characteristics and its optimized eco‐productive paradigms for sustainable development in China

Dryland area occupies 37% of the national territory in China. Desertification and other disasters have limited dryland sustainable development. Here we overview the dryland characteristics and desertification status and introduce four regionally optimized eco‐productive paradigms for dryland sustainable development, i.e., the mountain‐oasis paradigm in arid desert; the small watershed‐based paradigm on the Loess Plateau; the integrated animal husbandry paradigm on the Inner Mongolia Steppe and the agro‐pastoral transitional region; and three circle paradigm on the Ordos Plateau. These paradigms are established on the basis of regional landscape patterns and their underlying material and energy flow rules, and different functional belts are determined and capitalized upon with the integrated consideration of regional biogeophysical processes, biogeochemical cycles and biogeosocial relations. These paradigms cannot cover all complex landscape types, but provide theoretical frameworks and practicable models for dryland sustainable development in China.     

青岛工业与资源灰色关联分析

本文应用灰色关联分析方法研究了青岛地区主导工业对资源的依赖状态及不同工业行业之产出对各类资源投入的反应程度,以灰关联树反映工业经济与资源复合系统之整体及不同层次子系统的耦合关系,定量揭示工业经济效益主导变量与各类资源变量的动态联系,从资源高效利用的角度探讨了青岛工业产业结构调整和优化的方向及区域经济与环境效益相协调的可能途径。     

Long-term effects of silver nanoparticles on performance of phosphorus removal in a laboratory-scale vertical flow constructed wetland

Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) have been widely used in many fields,which raised concerns about potential threats to biological sewage treatment systems.In this study,the phosphorus removal performance,enzymatic activity and microbial population dynamics in constructed wetlands(CWs) were evaluated under a long-term exposure to Ag NPs(0,50,and 200 μg/L) for 450 days.Results have shown that Ag NPs inhibited the phosphorus removal efficiency in a short-term exposure,whereas caused no obviously negative effects from a long-term perspective.Moreover,in the coexisting CW system of Ag NPs and phosphorus,competition exhibited in the initial exposure phase,however,cooperation between them was observed in later phase.Enzymatic activity of acid-phosphatase at the moderate temperature(10–20°C) was visibly higher than that at the high temperature(20–30℃) and CWs with Ag NPs addition had no appreciable differences compared with the control.High-throughput sequencing results indicated that the microbial richness,diversity and composition of CWs were distinctly affected with the extension of exposure time at different Ag NPs levels.However,the phosphorus removal performance of CWs did not decline with the decrease of polyphosphate accumulating organisms(PAOs),which also confirmed that adsorption precipitation was the main way of phosphorus removal in CWs.The study suggested that Ag NPs and phosphorus could be removed synergistically in the coexistence system.This work has some reference for evaluating the influences of Ag NPs on the phosphorus removal and the interrelation between them in CWs.     

复合污染中Triton X-100在膨润土/水界面上的吸附行为

研究了水溶液中膨润土对非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100(X-100)的吸附,重点探讨了阳离子表面活性剂CPC、阴离子表面活性剂SDBS、中性无机盐NaCl及温度对膨润土吸附TX-100的影响.结果表明,Na基膨润土吸附TX-100的效果好于Ca基膨润土;低浓度CPC对膨润土吸附TX-100具有增强作用,当CPC初始浓度大于l0000 mg·L-1(平衡浓度Ce约为1CMC)时具有抑制作用,当CPC浓度低于3000 mg·L-1(Ce约为0.03CMC)时,TX-100吸附量与CPC浓度成线性正相关.SDBS能显著降低膨润土对TX-100的吸附,原因是溶液中SDBS与TX-100混合胶束的形成能阻止TX-100与膨润土硅氧表面间的氢键作用及在其表面形成胶束.NaCl的存在可以大大提高膨润土对TX-100的吸附,去除率由56%提高到99%以上.膨润土对TX-100的吸附随温度升高吸附量增大,其吸附热为12.68 kJ·mol-1,标准自由能的减小和熵值的增大是TX-100在膨润土上吸附的推动力.实验结果对用膨润土处理含表面活性剂废水具有一定的理论价值.     

土壤中单甲脒挥发的研究

在实验室模拟条件下初步研究了农药单甲脒从本身纯物质及土壤表面的挥发行为．实验表明，挥发通量的对数与温度的倒数呈线性关系；单甲脒从有机质含量低的土壤中挥发较其从有机质含量较高的土壤中挥发要快；在一定范围内，土壤中单甲脒的挥发通量随着土壤中农药的浓度增加、温度的上升和风速的增加而增加；土壤水分的增加最初促进单甲脒挥发，继续增加则可能使挥发减慢．     

纳米金红石TiO2的转晶及声催化降解偶氮品红的研究

利用超声波结合过氧化氢(H2O2)使纳米金红石型TiO2转晶,制备出了大约含有30%锐钛相的转晶纳米TiO2.通过TiO2催化超声降解偶氮品红的研究证实了转晶纳米TiO2粉末具有明显的声催化活性.除此之外,还考察了各种因素对转晶纳米TiO2催化超声降解偶氮品红反应的影响.结果表明,在转晶纳米TiO2催化剂的作用下,偶氮品红的超声降解效果明显优于使用纳米金红石型和纳米锐钛型TiO2的情况.偶氮品红的声催化降解过程符合一级动力学反应.在超声波频率40 kHz、输出功率50 W、催化剂用量1000 mg·L-1、pH为5.00、温度为20℃、偶氮品红水溶液初始浓度20 mg·L-1的条件下,照射40 min时的降解率即可达到75%以上.     

柱撑粘土材料的环境化学行为

柱撑粘土是一种新型的复合材料，国内外近年来进行了广泛和深入的，本文系统评述了国内外柱撑粘土复合材料的环境化学行为，吸附重金属离子，吸附苯酚类物质，吸附磷类物质，吸附废水中的COD，大气污染等方面，揭示该种新材料在各种污水处理中具有广阔的应用前景。     

木质素降解酶及其调控机理研究的进展

近年来有关木质素降解微生物和木质素降解酶的产与调控机理的研究表明，腐霉和细菌在木质自然降解中起着重要作用，腐霉的降解作用发生在次级代谢阶段，而细菌发生在初级代谢阶段，影响木质素降解酶的产生酶活力高低的因素有碳氮的选择与限制；诱导物的添加；表面活性剂的使用；某些金属离子浓度水平的改变；菌丝的固定化，温度和摇床转速的变换等。     

日本八大公害案件裁决后的日本环境法发展及对中国环境法发展之借鉴

分析了日本八大公害案件的裁决对日本环境法发展的影响，如法制思想的转变，判例的应用，民事责任制度的发展以及环境管理机构的完善等，讨论了其对中国环境法制建设的借鉴。     

柴油机排放碳颗粒物的催化燃烧

在热天平装置上考察了柴油机和碳颗粒物燃烧催化剂的活性，讨论了样品制备因素对样品失重的影响，这些因素包括碳颗粒物组成、催化剂栽体、催化剂与碳颗粒物质量比，着重筛选了催化剂的组份，得到了组份催化剂ＣｕＣｌ２－ＫＣｏ－ＮＨ４ＶＯ３其５５０℃焙烧后能使样品的Ｔｍ和Ｔｆ值都降低１８０℃以上，并对催化剂的热稳定性进行了研究。