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Silk JB Beehner JC Bergman TJ Crockford C Engh AL Moscovice LR Wittig RM Seyfarth RM Cheney DL 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(11):1733-1747
Analyses of the pattern of associations, social interactions, coalitions, and aggression among chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) in the Okavango Delta of Botswana over a 16-year period indicate that adult females form close, equitable, supportive, and
enduring social relationships. They show strong and stable preferences for close kin, particularly their own mothers and daughters.
Females also form strong attachments to unrelated females who are close to their own age and who are likely to be paternal
half-sisters. Although absolute rates of aggression among kin are as high as rates of aggression among nonkin, females are
more tolerant of close relatives than they are of others with whom they have comparable amounts of contact. These findings
complement previous work which indicates that the strength of social bonds enhances the fitness of females in this population
and support findings about the structure and function of social bonds in other primate groups. 相似文献
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T. J. Bergman J. C. Beehner D. L. Cheney R. M. Seyfarth P. L. Whitten 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,59(4):480-489
To date, research on testosterone and behavior has focused on individuals, even when studying social behaviors that necessarily
involve multiple participants. Here, we explore male responses to other males of different dominance ranks and testosterone
levels in a population of wild baboons. In chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) of the Okavango Delta, a male’s testosterone is related to his rank trajectory and, therefore, the threat he poses to other
males. To examine the effects of testosterone and rank on male–male interactions, we used playback experiments to measure
how a target male responded to the simulated approach of another male, scoring responses by whether or not the subject moved
away from the speaker in the first minute. High testosterone subjects did not move away from the speaker more often than low
testosterone subjects, but high testosterone callers elicited a move more often than low testosterone callers. When the combined
testosterone of the subject and caller was high, moves were most common. The rank relationship between subject and caller
did not predict moves, but the effect of combined testosterone on moving was most pronounced in adjacently ranked males. Adjacently
ranked, high testosterone males are the most likely to be competing for each others’ rank, and our experiments on these dyads
elicited the most moves. Both behavioral and experimental observations indicate that testosterone may be more important than
the rank relationship in predicting the outcome of male–male interactions. Furthermore, combined information on the testosterone
of both males was the best predictor of results, highlighting the utility of dyadic analyses when relating testosterone to
behavior. 相似文献
3.
JC Gaillard Emmanuel A. Maceda Elodie Stasiak Iwan Le Berre Maria Victoria O. Espaldon 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2009,13(2-3):119-129
The present study investigates into the link between people’s vulnerability in the face of coastal hazards and sustainable livelihoods. It focuses on the town of Borongan in the Philippines and draws on questionnaire-based surveys and focus group discussions. This research shows that local fishermen are often compelled to go out fishing despite pending typhoon or storm surge to sustain the daily needs of their family. Its also demonstrates that the capacity of these people to protect themselves from the threat is constrained by poor and fragile livelihoods. In the event of a crisis, the study argues that people resort to a range of adjustments on their daily life which is rooted in the strength and diversity of their livelihoods. To reduce people’s vulnerability and enhance capacities to face coastal hazards, the study fosters Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction with special emphasis to sustainable livelihoods. 相似文献
4.
J. C. Beehner T. J. Bergman D. L. Cheney R. M. Seyfarth P. L. Whitten 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,59(4):469-479
Despite the many benefits that testosterone has on male reproduction, sustaining high levels of testosterone for long periods
can be costly. The challenge hypothesis predicts that males will show temporarily sustained elevations of testosterone at
critical periods, counterbalanced by decreased levels during noncritical periods. We investigated male testosterone measures
extracted from fecal samples in a group of chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) living in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Because rank serves as a proxy for competition for mates, we examined how male testosterone
was related to dominance rank, age, aggression, and mating activity. Males showed an elevation in testosterone at maturity;
young adult males had the highest testosterone levels followed by a steady decline with age. Among dispersing males, testosterone
was temporarily elevated in the month following dispersal. After controlling for age, testosterone and rank were unrelated,
but testosterone and changes in rank were positively correlated, such that males rising in rank had higher testosterone than
males falling in rank. Thus, for males in this group, testosterone was predictive of a male's rank trajectory, or future rank.
Similarly, male testosterone levels predicted future, rather than current, mating activity. Finally, male testosterone and
aggression rates were unrelated during stable periods in the dominance hierarchy but positively related during unstable periods
when high ranks were being contested. In general, our results support the challenge hypothesis with males exhibiting elevated
testosterone in association with the acquisition of high rank (ensuring access to mates), rather than with mating itself. 相似文献
5.
David Alexander JC Gaillard Ilan Kelman Fausto Marincioni Edmund Penning‐Rowsell Dewald van Niekerk Lauren J. Vinnell 《Disasters》2021,45(1):5-18
Nowadays there are approximately 80 Anglophone journals that deal primarily with disaster risk reduction (DRR) and allied fields. This large array signals a sustained, if uneven, growth in DRR scholarship but also competition between the offerings of different publishers and institutions. The purpose of this article is first to summarise the development of academic publishing on DRR from its early beginnings to the present day. The paper then evaluates the current state of publishing in this field and discusses possible future trends. Next, it identifies some possible opportunities, challenges, expectations, and commitments for journal editors both within DRR and academia more broadly, including those that refer to changes in the use of terminology, the relentless increase in the number of papers submitted, the expansion and dangers of predatory journals, different peer review models, open access versus paywalls, citations and bibliography metrics, academic social networks, and copyright and distribution issues. 相似文献
6.
JC Gaillard 《Disasters》2019,43(Z1):S7-S17
Disaster studies is faced with a fascinating anomaly: frequently it claims to be critical and innovative, as suggested by the so‐called vulnerability paradigm that emerged more than 40 years ago, yet often it is perpetuating some of the core and problematic tenets of the hazard paradigm that we were asked to challenge initially. This paper interrogates why such an anomaly persists. In so doing, it employs Antonio Gramsci's concept of hegemony to unpack why disaster studies is still dominated by Western epistemologies and scholars that perpetuate an orientalist view of disasters. Ultimately, it suggests a research agenda for the 40 years to come, which builds on the importance of local researchers analysing local disasters using local epistemologies, especially in the non‐Western world. Such subaltern disaster studies are to be fuelled by increasing consciousness of the need to resist the hegemony of Western scholarship and to relocate disaster studies within the realm of its original political agenda. 相似文献
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