Biodiversity Differences between Managed and Unmanaged Forests: Meta-Analysis of Species Richness in Europe

Abstract: Past and present pressures on forest resources have led to a drastic decrease in the surface area of unmanaged forests in Europe. Changes in forest structure, composition, and dynamics inevitably lead to changes in the biodiversity of forest‐dwelling species. The possible biodiversity gains and losses due to forest management (i.e., anthropogenic pressures related to direct forest resource use), however, have never been assessed at a pan‐European scale. We used meta‐analysis to review 49 published papers containing 120 individual comparisons of species richness between unmanaged and managed forests throughout Europe. We explored the response of different taxonomic groups and the variability of their response with respect to time since abandonment and intensity of forest management. Species richness was slightly higher in unmanaged than in managed forests. Species dependent on forest cover continuity, deadwood, and large trees (bryophytes, lichens, fungi, saproxylic beetles) and carabids were negatively affected by forest management. In contrast, vascular plant species were favored. The response for birds was heterogeneous and probably depended more on factors such as landscape patterns. The global difference in species richness between unmanaged and managed forests increased with time since abandonment and indicated a gradual recovery of biodiversity. Clearcut forests in which the composition of tree species changed had the strongest effect on species richness, but the effects of different types of management on taxa could not be assessed in a robust way because of low numbers of replications in the management‐intensity classes. Our results show that some taxa are more affected by forestry than others, but there is a need for research into poorly studied species groups in Europe and in particular locations. Our meta‐analysis supports the need for a coordinated European research network to study and monitor the biodiversity of different taxa in managed and unmanaged forests.     

50种常用香料对铜绿微囊藻的生态毒性效应

为探究香料对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,以常用的50种典型香料为供试目标物,测定不同暴露浓度下对藻生长的影响,并选择了对藻的生长有显著抑制作用的4种香料2-甲氧基萘、麝香草酚、月桂烯和吲哚测定不同暴露浓度下对藻的叶绿素a、可溶性蛋白含量、抗氧化酶活性（超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT、过氧化物酶POD）以及丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响.结果表明,2-甲氧基萘、麝香草酚、月桂烯和吲哚在高浓度暴露下能显著抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,生物量增长抑制率的半效应浓度E_yC₅₀值分别为1.81,1.26,0.55,1.40mg/L,表现出明显的剂量-效应关系.在1mg/L的处理浓度下,2-甲氧基萘和麝香草酚显著抑制铜绿微囊藻叶绿素a和可溶性蛋白的含量（P<0.0001）;2-甲氧基萘暴露导致SOD活性显著降低（P<0.0001）,其他两种抗氧化酶则无显著影响（P>0.05）;麝香草酚显著抑制了POD活性（P<0.0001）,月桂烯也可降低SOD活性（P<0.01）;经吲哚处理的铜绿微囊藻,POD和CAT的活性显著低于对照组（P<0.0001）.研究表明,这4种香料通过抑制藻细胞抗氧化酶活性,过量累积MDA,破坏叶绿素含量和功能,进而导致藻类生长异常.2-甲氧基萘、麝香草酚和吲哚属于芳香族化合物,月桂烯为烯烃类化合物,不同结构的香料对不同的抗氧化酶活性的影响也不一样.2-甲氧基萘为合成香料,麝香草酚、月桂烯和吲哚均从自然界中发现,但目前后三种香料大多通过人工合成制备.研究结果丰富了香料的生态毒理效应基础数据,为其生态风险评估提供了依据.由于具有独特的芳香气味,芳香族化合物成为了香料中的一大类,且被广泛应用.但是芳香环性质稳定、难降解,因此我们需要更多关注芳香类香料的生态安全性.     

聚乙烯亚胺改性纤维素纤维对Cr (Ⅵ)的吸附研究

采用低浓度H_2O_2氧化纤维素水凝胶纤维,再接枝聚乙烯亚胺(PEI),成功制得PEI改性纤维素纤维(PEI-OCF)吸附剂,并将其用于溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除.同时,利用傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)和X射线能谱(EDX)分析,确证纤维素上的羟基被H_2O_2氧化成醛基,PEI通过席夫碱反应被接枝到氧化纤维素上.制备优化结果表明,H_2O_2氧化阶段的最佳条件为pH=4.0,H_2O_2质量分数0.2%,氧化时间3.0h,氧化温度85℃;PEI接枝阶段的最佳条件为pH=11.0,PEI质量分数3.0%,接枝时间0.5 h.吸附研究结果显示,Cr(Ⅵ)在PEI-OCF上的吸附具有强烈的pH依赖性,最佳pH值为2.0.在180 min时吸附达到平衡;吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,且主要由化学吸附控制.与Freundlich模型相比,Langmuir模型能更好地描述吸附过程;当温度为15和25℃时,最大吸附量分别为110.61和119.04 mg·g~(-1).浓度为300和600mg·L~(-1)的共存离子Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和Na~+对PEI-OCF吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响较小.上述结果表明,PEI-OCF对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能良好,使用中易于分离;且制备过程无需交联剂,使用可降解材料,绿色环保.     

填埋场古细菌垂直分布格局及其与垃圾降解程度响应特征

研究了青岛市小涧西垃圾填埋场表层（3~12 m）、中上层（15~24 m）、中下层（27~36 m）和底层（39~45 m）古细菌的多样性、群落组成与垂直分布特征,以及垃圾降解程度与古细菌群落结构演替变化的响应关系.结果表明：垃圾有机质和凯氏氮含量随填埋深度增加呈降低趋势,而pH呈微弱升高趋势.填埋场中下层的古细菌群落多样性和丰度显著高于其他填埋层.在填埋层各深度上,广古菌门（Euryarcharota）为优势菌门,相对丰度达到90%以上,甲烷微菌纲（Methanomicrobia）和热源体纲（Thermoplasmata）为优势菌纲,二者相对丰度之和达84.69%~99.67%.属水平上,甲烷囊菌属（Methanoculleus）的占比在38.16%~64.46%之间变化,且与有机质相关性不显著,表明该类氢营养型产甲烷菌在垃圾中分布广泛,受垃圾降解程度影响较小.马赛球菌属（Methanomassiliicoccus）的相对丰度自表层的50%降至底层的20%,且与有机质呈显著正相关（r=0.95,p<0.05）,表明该类甲基营养型产甲烷菌的分布受有机质降解程度影响较大.以乙酸裂解产甲烷的甲烷八叠球菌属（Methanosarcina）和甲烷丝菌属（Methanothrix）在填埋场中也占有重要地位,但二者相对丰度整体低于Methanoculleus.Methanosarcina自表层至底层所占比重逐渐升高,与有机质呈显著负相关（r=-0.96,p<0.05）;而Methanothrix仅在中下层有较高的丰度,与有机质相关性不显著,主要与两种菌属对乙酸亲和性的差异有关.不同填埋深度上产甲烷菌群落结构的演替变化反映了不同类型产甲烷菌对垃圾降解产物与稳定化程度的响应.     

沸石吸附-生物再生活性污泥工艺对比试验研究

介绍了沸石吸附-生物再生活性污泥工艺的对比试验研究结果,试验结果表明沸石可以进行生物再生,再生后的沸石对COD、氨氮的去除效果良好,对于沸石的生物再生效果而言,缺氧/好氧工艺的效果好于单一曝气工艺.     

危险品运输网络中运输方式和路径优化研究

在危险品运输网络中，往往有多种运输方式和多条运输路径。不同运输方式在不同路径上发生事故所造成的损失不同，不同运输方式的单位运输成本也不同。本文研究了在给定运输起点和终点的情况下，在综合考虑事故所造成的损失最小和运输成本最小的情况下，运输方式和运输路径的选择方法。通过一个仿真例子说明了模型的求解方法和实际效果，并与单一运输方式的方案进行了对比。结果表明考虑运输方式的组合，在一定程度上可以降低危险品运输过程中的社会总期望损失和运输成本。     

When Agendas Collide: Human Welfare and Biological Conservation

Abstract:  Conservation should benefit ecosystems, nonhuman organisms, and current and future human beings. Nevertheless, tension among these goals engenders potential ethical conflicts: conservationists' true motivations may differ from the justifications they offer for their activities, and conservation projects have the potential to disempower and oppress people. We reviewed the promise and deficiencies of integrating social, economic, and biological concerns into conservation, focusing on research in ecosystem services and efforts in community-based conservation. Despite much progress, neither paradigm provides a silver bullet for conservation's most pressing problems, and both require additional thought and modification to become maximally effective. We conclude that the following strategies are needed to make conservation more effective in our human-dominated world. (1) Conservation research needs to integrate with social scholarship in a more sophisticated manner. (2) Conservation must be informed by a detailed understanding of the spatial, temporal, and social distributions of costs and benefits of conservation efforts. Strategies should reflect this understanding, particularly by equitably distributing conservation's costs. (3) We must better acknowledge the social concerns that accompany biodiversity conservation; accordingly, sometimes we must argue for conservation for biodiversity's sake, not for its direct human benefits.