裂解温度和离子强度对不同来源生物炭胶体释放行为的影响

近年来环境中生物炭胶体形成受到广泛关注,它是生物炭在环境中物理分解作用的重要过程,对污染物迁移有着重要影响.然而,目前对生物炭胶体释放过程和影响因素的研究甚少,人们对生物炭胶体释放机理的认识还很有限.本研究以小麦秸秆和花生壳为生物质来源,系统地探讨了生物炭的裂解温度（300~700 ℃）和溶液离子强度（0.1~10 mmol·L^-1）对生物炭胶体产率的影响.结果表明,随着裂解温度的升高,生物炭的耐磨性增强,且在较高的裂解温度下（≥500 ℃）花生壳生物炭的耐磨性显著强于小麦秸秆生物炭.生物炭的胶体产率受到生物质来源和裂解温度的显著影响,花生壳生物炭的胶体产率低于小麦秸秆生物炭,高温裂解（≥600 ℃）生物炭的胶体产率显著低于中低温裂解生物炭.在相同溶液离子强度下,生物炭胶体产率与其亚微米级碎片率呈显著正相关（p<0.05）,即生物炭中亚微米级碎片率越高,生物炭胶体产率越高.当溶液离子强度从1 mmol·L^-1增加到10 mmol·L^-1时,两种来源生物炭的胶体产率均显著降低,其降低的程度因生物炭裂解温度而异,其中低温裂解（300 ℃）生物炭的胶体产率降低了11.1%~11.2%,中高温裂解（≥ 500 ℃）生物炭的胶体产率降低了60.0%~97.2%.     

1025t/h四角切圆煤粉炉内空气过量系数对NO生成的影响

文章采用计算流体力学软件Fluent数值模拟了1 025 t/h四角切圆煤粉炉内的湍流扩散燃烧,分析了空气过量系数对炉内烟气速度、烟气温度和氮氧化物组分的影响。结果表明:空气过量系数会对炉内流场的空气动力学特性和温度场分布均匀性产生显著影响。煤粉炉膛最佳空气过量系数为1.07,此时炉内温度场、速度场和浓度场的分布可使燃烧中间产物HCN和NH_3较好的将燃料型NO还原为N_2,来充分发挥空气分级燃烧降低NO排放的功效。     

外源硅对不同pH水田土壤吸附铅的影响

通过等温吸附实验,研究了加硅对2种不同pH水田土壤吸附铅特性的影响。实验中用硝酸中和硅酸钠的碱性,各处理间钠离子和硝酸根离子的差异以硝酸钠补齐,消除了因硅酸盐的加入改变体系pH及伴随离子对土壤吸附铅可能产生的影响。结果表明,在本实验条件下,Langmuir方程、Freundlich方程和Temkin方程都能较好地描述不同硅浓度条件下两种土壤对铅的吸附特征,但以Freundlich模型为最优;加硅促进了酸性土壤对铅的吸附,抑制了碱性土壤对铅的吸附。     

Rapid and simple spectrophotometric determination of persulfate in water by microwave assisted decolorization of Methylene Blue

A rapid and simple method for determination of persulfate in aqueous solution was developed. The method is based on the rapid reaction of persulfate with Methylene Blue(MB) via domestic microwave activation, which can promote the activation of persulfate and decolorize MB quickly. The depletion of MB at 644 nm(the maximum absorption wavelength of MB) is in proportion to the increasing concentration of persulfate in aqueous solution. Linear calibration curve was obtained in the range 0–1.5 mmol/L, with a limit of detection of 0.0028 mmol/L. The reaction time is rapid(within 60 sec), which is much shorter than that used for conventional methods. Compared with existing analytical methods, it need not any additives, especially colorful Fe2+, and need not any pretreatment for samples, such as p H adjustment.     

Differences in nitrous oxide fluxes from red soil under different land uses in mid-subtropical China

Red soil may play an important role in nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions due to its recent land use change pattern. To predict the land use change effect on N₂O emissions, we examined the relationship between soil N₂O flux and environmental determinants in four different types of land uses in subtropical red soil. During two years of study (January 2005-January 2007), biweekly N₂O fluxes were measured from 09:00 to 11:00 a.m. using static closed chamber method. Objectives were to estimate the seasonal and annual N₂O flux differences from land use change and, reveal the controlling factors of soil N₂O emission by studying the relationship of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), water filled pore space (WFPS) and soil temperature with soil N₂O flux. Nitrous oxide fluxes were significantly higher in hot-humid season than in the cool-dry season. Significant differences in soil N₂O fluxes were observed among four land uses; 2.9, 1.9 and 1.7 times increased N₂O emissions were observed after conventional land use conversion from woodland to paddy, orchard and upland, respectively. The mean annual budgets of N₂O emission were 0.71-2.21 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ from four land use types. The differences were partly attributed to increased fertilizer use in agriculture land uses. In all land uses, N₂O fluxes were positively related to soil temperature and DOC accounting for 22-48% and 30-46% of the seasonal N₂O flux variability, respectively. Nitrous oxide fluxes did significantly correlate with WFPS in orchard and upland only. Nitrous oxide fluxes responded positively to MBC in all land use types except orchard which had the lowest WFPS. We conclude that (1) land use conversion from woodland to agriculture land uses leads to increased soil N₂O fluxes, partly due increased fertilizer use, and (2) irrespective of land use, soil N₂O fluxes are under environmental controls, the main variables being soil temperature and DOC, both of which control the supply of nitrification and denitrification substrates.     

基于DEA和灰色聚类的高层建筑火灾安全评价

为解决高层建筑火灾因素复杂、多元耦合性、模糊性等特征导致难以选择合适方法对其安全进行评价的难题,提出基于DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis)和灰色聚类的高层建筑火灾安全评价模型。首先从防火能力、灭火能力、疏散能力、管理能力4个方面构建高层建筑火灾安全评价指标体系。然后运用数据包络从更加客观的角度计算指标权重值,提高赋权的科学性。最后考虑指标信息不完整性,基于灰色聚类实现对高层建筑火灾安全因素的聚类分析,得出安全等级。运用该模型对郑州正弘高新数码港一期高层建筑火灾安全等级进行评价,认为该建筑安全等级高,应加强对装修材料耐火性、消防水源、疏散宽度、组织能力4个指标的管理,以期提高该建筑火灾安全水平,同时为高层建筑火灾安全评价提供一种新的方法。     

Particle properties in granular activated carbon filter during drinking water treatment

The elemental composition and bacteria attached in particles were investigated during granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration.The experimental results showed that trapped influent particles could form new,larger particles on GAC surface.The sloughing of individuals off GAC surface caused an increase in effluent particles in the size range from 5 to 25 μm.The selectivity for element removal in GAC filters caused an increasing proportion of metallic elements in the effluent particles.The distribution of molar ratio indicated a complicated composition for large particles,involving organic and inorganic substances.The organic proportion accounted for 40% of total carbon attached to the particles.Compared with dissolved carbon,there was potential for the formation of trihalomethanes by organic carbon attached to particles,especially for those with size larger than 10 μm.The pure carbon energy spectrum was found only in the GAC effluent and the size distribution of carbon fines was mainly above 10 μm.The larger carbon fines provided more space for bacterial colonization and stronger protection for attached bacteria against disinfection.The residual attached bacteria after chorine disinfection was increased to 10 2-10 3 CFU/mL within 24 hours at 25°C.     

刍议生态城市建设的意义

生态城市这一崭新的城市概念和发展模式一经提出,就受到全球的广泛关注。生态城市是现代城市发展的高级阶段,是依托现有城市,根据生态学原理,并应用现代科学与技术等手段逐步创建,在"生态文明"时代形成的可持续发展的人居模式。文章阐述了生态城市的内涵,系统地分析了生态城市与传统城市的差异;提出了促进城市生态化发展的途径,为中国生态城市的建设指出了发展方向和理论依据。     

浅析废弃资源综合利用项目的清洁生产

垃圾污染日益严重,对垃圾处理不当,可能会造成严重的大气、水和土壤污染,并将占用大量土地。垃圾综合利用项目可以实现垃圾的无害化、减量化、资源化,资源循环节约综合再生利用工作,既解决资源与环境问题,又是实施可持续发展战略的重要措施。结合某废弃资源综合利用工程项目实例从工艺技术、采用的清洁生产模式方面来进行清洁生产分析。     

陕北黄土区陡坡土壤水分变异规律研究

土壤水分是制约陕北黄土区陡坡林草植被建设主要限制因素,深入系统的研究陡坡土壤水分变异规律是科学开展林草植被建设的重要前提。目前,陡坡不同季节、不同坡向、不同坡度的土壤水分变异规律尚未见系统的研究。为此,本研究通过观测陕北黄土区坡面尺度的自然恢复流域陡坡土壤含水量,研究分析了陡坡土壤水分季节变化规律、陡坡土壤水分垂直变化规律,结果表明：（1）陕北黄土区陡坡的土壤水分消耗期、土壤水分积累期、土壤水分消退期和土壤水分稳定期分别对应3-6、7-9、10-11和12月-次年2月;（2）0~120 cm土层中0~60 cm土层土壤含水量变化活跃。土壤水分随着土层深度的增加而增加,且各层间的差异也越来越显著;（3）基于土壤水分的垂直变化规律,陡坡的土壤水分弱利用层、土壤水分利用层、土壤水分调节层分别为0~40、40~60和60~100 cm。（4）在垂直于陡坡坡面方向上,深度大于40~50 cm的土壤层能为植被生长提供良好的土壤水分环境,有利于人工植被建设在陡坡开展。