State of rare earth elements in different environmental components in mining areas of China

China has relatively abundant rare earth elements (REEs) reserves and will continue to be one of the major producers of REEs for the world market in the foreseeable future. However, due to the large scale of mining and refining activities, large amounts of REEs have been released to the surrounding environment and caused harmful effects on local residents. This paper summarizes the data about the contents and translocation of REEs in soils, waters, atmosphere, and plants in REE mining areas of China and discusses the characteristics of their forms, distribution, fractionation, and influencing factors. Obviously high concentrations of REEs with active and bioavailable forms are observed in all environmental media. The mobility and bioavailability of REEs are enhanced. The distribution patterns of REEs in soils and water bodies are all in line with their parent rocks. Significant fractionation phenomenon among individual members of REEs was found in soil–plant systems. However, limited knowledge was available for REEs in atmosphere. More studies focusing on the behavior of REEs in ambient air of REE mining areas in China are highly suggested. In addition, systematic study on the translocation and circulation of REEs in various media in REEs mining areas and their health risk assessment should be carried out. Standard analytical methods of REEs in environments need to be established, and more specific guideline values of REEs in foods should also be developed.     

青南地区城镇污水处理厂综合效率评估分析

青南地区地处青藏高原腹地,是我国多条大江大河发源地,该地区污水处理对下游江河水环境质量改善具有重要意义.对青南地区(玉树、果洛和黄南)污水处理厂的综合效率进行定量评估分析并指出制约其效率提升的因素,对推动该地区污水处理产业的后续发展具有重要意义.因此,本文以青南地区11座城镇污水处理厂为研究对象,利用层次分析法和模糊综合分析法构建的模糊层次分析模型,从技术性能、经济性能、运行管理三个层面选取指标对模型进行量化,评估青南地区各污水处理厂的综合效率.结果表明:污水处理厂的综合得分在80分以上的只有1座,50—80分的有4座,50分以下的有6座,平均得分只有50.88分,表明该区域污水处理厂综合运行效率并不理想.通过实地调研,结合分析各污水处理厂表现较差的指标,发现该地区雨水收集率较低、低温冻裂管网等问题是导致污水处理效率偏低的主要原因.同时,未进行完备的污水处理设施建设与未完成提标改造是导致污水处理厂整体运行效果差等问题的重要原因.因此各污水处理厂应进一步加强设施建设,采取改进措施提高污水处理效率,防止管网等设备破裂导致污水污染环境,节约药费、电耗、人工费等运行费用,进一步提高青南地区污水处理厂的技术性能、运行管理和经济效益.     

Effects of soil type on leaching and runoff transport of rare earth elements and phosphorous in laboratory experiments

Introduction  

Through leaching experiments and simulated rainfall experiments, characteristics of vertical leaching of exogenous rare earth elements (REEs) and phosphorus (P) and their losses with surface runoff during simulated rainfall in different types of soils (terra nera soil, cinnamon soil, red soil, loess soil, and purple soil) were investigated.     

An experimental study on using rare earth elements to trace phosphorous losses from nonpoint sources

Controlling phosphorous (P) inputs through management of its sources and transport is critical for limiting freshwater eutrophication. In this study, characteristics of exogenous rare earth elements (REEs) and P and their losses with surface runoff (both in the water and sediments) during simulated rainfall experiments (83 mm h⁻¹) were investigated. The results revealed that on average most REEs (La, 94%; Nd, 93%; Sm, 96%) and P (96%) transported with sediments in the runoff. The total amounts of losses of REEs and P in the runoff were significantly correlated, suggesting the possibility of using REEs to trace the fate of agricultural nonpoint P losses.     

2000年广西壮族自治区酸沉降预测

以我国酸沉降敏感区——“湘桂走廊”作为控制域,预测广西壮族自治区2000年酸沉降趋势.采用弹性系数法和趋势外推法预测了2000年原煤消耗量与SO_2排放量.并用区域模式与局地模式相叠加的方法预测了不削减方案下2000年“湘桂走廊”的SO_2浓度及硫沉降趋势.用趋势外推法估算出2000年降水pH值.     

Photochemical pollution in Lanzhou, China - A case study

The photochemical air pollution in Xigu district of Lanshou city, Gansu Province was studied during a period of 1981-1984. The extremely high NMHC/NOx ratio and ozone level elevation after rain have been noticed. A series of outdoor and indoor reaction chamber simulation experiments conducted in order to understand the specific conditions. The ozone formation under NMHC/NOx condition and the possible reason for high ozone concentration after rain are discussed.     

利用磷肥生产废弃物制备4A分子筛

以磷肥生产废弃物氟硅酸制备氟化铵溶液时副产的白碳黑为原料,以铝矾土为铝源,制备了晶化导向剂,并采用水热法制备了4A分子筛.考察了晶化导向剂加入量、晶化时间和晶化温度对4A分子筛性能的影响.实验结果表明,当晶化导向剂的加入量为7%(质量分数)、晶化温度为80℃、晶化时间为2 h时,制备的4A分子筛的钙交换容量(以CaCO_3计)为336 mg/g,并采用X射线衍射仪和红外光谱仪对4A分子筛的结构进行了表征.     

青藏高原典型区域资源环境与社会经济耦合分析

资源环境与社会经济之间的协调关系对区域可持续发展具有重要意义.本研究以青藏高原典型区域玉树藏族自治州为研究对象,综合运用数量耦合方法（耦合协调度模型）和速度耦合方法（Tapio脱钩模型）讨论区域资源环境和社会经济体系相互关系在时间序列上的变化,分析二者之间的耦合协调关系及演变过程.结果显示：①受耕地面积变化、林业和草原有害生物防治强度变化的影响,研究区2016年处于重度失调型,典型研究区域在其余年份均处于中度或轻度失调型,区域资源环境和社会经济发展协同效应不高.②总体而言,研究区的社会经济与资源环境水平、资源环境压力和资源环境体系3项指标之间均呈强脱钩状态,区域资源环境和社会经济体系处于良性发展状态.综上,近年来青藏高原典型区域的社会经济发展水平不断升高,资源环境体系发展水平有待提高.     

Spatial distribution,pollution level,and health risk of Pb in the finer dust of residential areas: a case study of Xi'an,northwest China

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - The spatial distribution, pollution level, and exposure risk of Pb in the finer dust (particle size?<?63 μm) of residential...